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MANDEVILLE 
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THE 

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INTEODUCTION. 



John Mandeville lias usually been called the ''father of 
English prose/' but probably this title should be transferred to 
Wycliffe. Recent investigations have shown that the English 
version of the ''Travels" was not made by the original author, 
the words at the end of the prologue attributing it to him being a 
palpable interpolation. Even that there was such a man as John 
Mandeville seems to be a matter of doubt. Nothing is known of 
him outside of his book, and the personal adventures recorded in 
his narrative must be regarded mainly as ingenious fabrications 
for weaving together the stories of other writers and travelers. 
Only a small portion of the book could have been written from 
personal experience ; the description of Egypt and the Holy Land 
bears evidence of some direct knowledge of the facts, and the 
prologue seems to indicate that the original intention was limited 
to a description of the objects of popular pilgrimages of the time ; 
the account of marvels in the farther East was probably an after- 
thought. 

At Liege, in the abbey of the Guilelmites, there was in the six- 
teenth century a tomb said to be that of Mandeville. The French 
inscription showed no name, but the Latin inscription, apparently, 
•tauch later, stated that the tomb was Mandeville's, and that he 
died at Liege, November 17, 1371, at the same time confounding 
him with a physician called " ad Barbam," one " Jehan de Bour- 
goigne, dit a la Barbe," Avho, according to a statement in a Latin 
edition of the " Travels," having met Mandeville at Cairo and 
again at Liege, persuaded and helped him to write his book. 
Nicholson, therefore, suggests the possibility that Jehan de 

3 



4 INTRODUCTION. 

Mandeville is only tlie assumed name of Jehan de Bourgoigne 
{Encyclopcedia Britamiica, vol. xv. p. 478). 

Whoever this John Mandeville may have been, he possessed a 
happy faculty for catering to the tastes of his times. Even allow- 
ing for the superstition and illimitable credulity of the age, it is 
impossible to suppose that he believed his own stories. In com- 
piling his narrative he skillfully appropriated the good things of 
his contemporaries, with something more than the privilege of 
genius, and embellished them according to his own judgment and 
fancy. 

The description of Cathay and India was taken largely from 
the narrative of Odoric, a Lombard friar who traveled in those 
regions between 1321 and 1330. So similar are the narratives 
that Odoric and Mandeville have often been spoken of as traveling- 
companions. Indeed Mandeville craftily hints at such a possibil- 
ity, in one passage, by way of anticipating criticism. The passages 
from Odoric are usually filled out with interpolated details and 
extravagant fancies ; as in the passages about the large tortoises, 
seen in Champa, which Mandeville describes as ''snails" with 
shells as big as cottages. Much material was also borrowed from 
Hayton, an Armenian, who dictated his book in French at 
Poictiers, in 1307. Facts about the manners and customs of the 
Tartars were drawn from the Franciscan, John de Piano Carpini. 
The account of Prester John is from the famous " Epistle " of that 
imaginary monarch, addressed to the Greek emperor Manuel, and 
widely circulated in the thirteenth century. Even the most 
veracious part of the narrative, that describing Egypt and the Holy 
Land, is so suspiciously like the itinerary of the German knight 
William of Boldensele, written in 1336, as to leave little doubt that 
Mandeville had the German's account before him while he wrote. 

It is a singular fact that only one passage can be traced to the 
work of the famous Venetian traveler, Marco Polo, who visited 
the court of Kubla Khan in 1275, and died in 1324. This passage 
(about the people at Ormus lying in the water during great heat) 
may have been an interpolation in the copy of Odoric used by 
Mandeville, for had he taken it directly from Polo, he would not 
have limited his borrowing to a single good incident. 

The earliest known MS. of tlie *' Travels" is that of the Earl of 
Ashburnham, written in French and dated 1371. Besides the 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

Latin, Frencli, and Englisli versions, there were translations in 
Italian, German, Flemish, and even Irish Celtic. The English ver- 
sion was made by an unknown translator, probably at the beginning 
of the fifteenth century, from a defective French MS. It was 
completed and revised by two independent editors, neither of them 
later than the first quarter of the fifteenth century. ** That none 
of the forms of the English version," says Nicholson, ''can con- 
ceivably be from the same hand which wrote the original work is 
made patent to any critical reader by their glaring errors of trans- 
lation." The same has been shown by Schonborn, Matzner, and 
Vogels, in regard to current Latin versions. 

John Wycliffe* was born at Ipreswel (Hipswell), near Rich- 
mond, in Yorkshire, about 1320. Leland says that he " drew his 
origin" from Wycliffe on-Tees, so that he was of the ancient 
family celebrated by Scott in **Marmion." Nothing is known of 
him until he was made master of Balliol College, Oxford, some 
time between 1356 and 1360. About 1361 he accepted a college 
living in Lincolnshire, but probably spent much of his time at 
Oxford until, in 1378, he effected an exchange of his benefice for 
a more convenient one at Ludgarshall, in Buckinghamshire. It 
is believed that he was appointed, in 1365, to the wardenship of 
Canterbury Hall, a house founded by Archbishop Islip for secular 
clergymen. In 1367 Wycliffe and his colleagues were expelled 
by Archbishop Langham, and the house filled with monks. This 
event may have influenced his subsequent career of opposition to 
the church, but it is not safe to argue such a connection, as the 
warden of Canterbury Hall may have been another John Wycliffe 
with whom the reformer has been confused. 

It is more probable that his opinions upon the relation of 
■ church and state had been maturing for some years before he 
issued the first of his several pamphlets '* De Dominio," in de- 
fense of the action of parliament, in 1366, repudiating the tribute 
due to the pope. Gradually he developed a system of beliefs, the 



* The weight of authority is in favor of this spelUiig of the name; it is 
preferred by the editors of the Wycliffe Bible, by Milman, and by Bishop 
Stubbs. On the other hand, the form Wydif is that adopted by the VVycIif 
Society, and Wiclifis the popular form in Germany. 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

main principles of wliicli were that sin deprived a man of all 
right to possess anything ; that all property should be held in 
common ; that the spiritual power is entirely separate from the 
civil ; that the church should hold no property ; that excommu- 
nication is of no effect unless justified by the sin of him against 
whom it is directed ; and that in no case should it be pronounced 
for any offense connjected with temporal affairs. 

He entered the service of the court as king's chaplain, where 
his learning and skill as a writer were eminently serviceable to 
John of Gaunt in his work of humbling the clergy. In 1370 he 
received from the crown the rectory of Lutterworth, in Leicester- 
shire, which he held until his death. Soon after he was sent as 
one of the royal ambassadors to treat with the pope's representa- 
tives at Bruges, his name being placed second on the commission, 
for which service he received twenty shillings per diem. For 
some years he continued to spread his doctrines, preaching elo- 
quently in London and elsewhere against the corrupt and power- 
ful clergy. Twice he was summoned before the ecclesiastical 
court, and escaped without condemnation. In 1377 five bulls were 
issued against him by Gregory XI , but the English bishops were 
slow to execute the papal bulls, as both the government and the 
university were in favor of the reformer. His work became 
more and more revolutionary, and in 1378 he determined to in- 
crease the efficiency of his teachings by sending " simple priests " 
throughout the country to preach true doctrine to the people, 
and by giving them the Bible in their native tongue Finally, in 
1381, he propounded at Oxford a set of theses m which he denied 
the doctrine of transubstantiation. This aroused the theologians 
of the university, and his theses were solemnly condemned. Al- 
most immediately after, the Peasants' Revolt occurred, for which 
Wycliffe was thought to be directly responsible ; but of this there 
is no substantial evidence. He was again summoned before the 
council, his works were condemned, and some of his followers 
imprisoned ; but strangely he himself appears to have again 
escaped. A national feeling had been aroused in his favor and 
against Rome. It is probable that upon the overthrow of his 
party at Oxford he retired to Lutterworth, and busied himself in 
writing numerous tracts in both Latin and English, and his im- 
portant book, the ** Trialogus." There he died and was buried in 



INTKODUOTION. 



1384. By a decree of tlie council of Constance, 1415, his remains 
were ordered to be dug up and burned, and the order was exe- 
cuted by Bishop Fleming in 1428. 

Wycliffe was our first Protestant. He was the first great Eng- 
lishman to question the doctrines and condemn the practices of 
Rome. '' Yet, powerful as was his influence in England, it was 
but transient, and within forty years it was nearly extinct. His 
true tradition is to be found not in his own country but in 
Bohemia, where his works were eagerly read and multiplied, and 
where his disciple John Huss, with less originality but greater 
simplicity of character and greater spiritual force, raised Wycliff- 
ism to the dignity of a national religion. To Huss, whose works 
are to a great extent a cento of extracts from Wycliff e, Luther 
owed much ; and thus the spirit of the English teacher had its 
influence on the reformed churches of Europe." 

The task of translating the Bible, it is believed, was mainly 
accomplished by Wycliffe himself, his friend Nicholas Hereford 
aiding him with a part of the Old Testament. The work was 
probably completed in 1380. A version by John Purvey appeared 
in 1388, which is thought to be merely a revision of Wycliffe's 
version. As there was no knowledge of Greek and Hebrew in 
England, the translation was made from the Latin Vulgate ver- 
sion. Portions of the Scriptures had before been rendered in 
Anglo-Saxon, but there had been no attempt to give a complete 
version in the native tongue. Wycliffe's work became the founda- 
tion for all subsequent translations, and has thus been the main 
conservative influence in holding the mother-tongue to the simple 
and stately English of our religious speech. 

The text of these selections is that of Eduard Matzner in the 
''Altenglische Sprachproben." Halli well's edition of Mandeville 
(1839) has been used for comparison. The Prologue and Chapter V. 
of the ' ' Travels" and the first four chapters of the Gospel of St. John 
are given,— quite enough, it is believed, to represent adequately 
these two important monuments of early English prose. It is as- 
sumed that these selections will be used in immediate connection 
with Chaucer, and therefore it is not deemed necessary to add to 
thi introduction explanations and illustrations of fourteenth- 
century grammar. The selections from Chaucer included in the 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

English Classic Series are supplied witli full grammatical intro- 
ductions, which will be found amply sufficient for the study of 
Mandeville and Wycliffe. It must be remembered, while reading- 
fourteenth- century English, that the spelling is not only phonetic 
but subject often to the imperfect knowledge or whim of the 
transcriber, and that certain letters, as i and y, u and v, are used 
interchangeably. In these selections the old character 3 is rep- 
resented by y g, or gJi, in italics. 

The notes and glossary that accompany the text will be found 
to contain explanations of all words presenting special difficulties. 
No attempt, however, has been made to include all of those words 
that differ from the modern forms only in the spelling. On the 
last page of this introduction, passages are given from the prin- 
cipal English versions of the New Testament, illustrating the 
growth and changes of the language from the Anglo-Saxon period 
to the present time, and showing the relation of Wycliffe's version 
to the later versions. While reading Wycliffe's text in the class- 
room, extended comparisons should be made, in the same manner, 
with the Authorized Version and the Revised Version. 



OF SIR JOHX MAUNDEVILLE. 11 

and alle he offred for us, that nevere did synne. A dere God, 
what love hadde he to us his subjettes, whan he that nevere 
trespaced, wolde for trespassours suffre dethe ! Righte wel 
ougte us for to love and worschipe, to drede and serven suche 
a lord ; and to worschipe and preyse suche an holy lond, that 5 
broughte forthe suche fruyt, thorghe the whiche every man is 
saved, but it be his owne defaute. Wel may that lond be 
called delytable and a fructuous lond, that was bebledd and 
moysted with the precyouse blode of oure Lord Jesu Crist ; the 
whiche is the same loud, that oure Lord behigten us in heri- lo 
tage. And in that lond he wolde dye, as seised, for to leve it 
to us his children. AYherfore every gode cristene man that is 
of powere, and hathe whereof, scholde peynen him with all his 
strengthe for to conquere oure righte heritage, and chacen out 
alle the mysbelee\'yuge men. For wee ben clept cristene men, 15 
aftre Crist oure fad re. And git wee ben righte children of 
Crist, we oughte for to chalenge the heritage, that oure fadre 
lafte us, and do it out of hethene mennes hondes. But nowe 
pryde, covetyse, and envye han so enflawmed the hertes of 
lordes of the world, that thei are more besy for to disherite 20 
here neyghbores, more than for to chalenge or to conquere 
here righte heritage before seyd. And the comoun peple, 
that wolde putte here bodyes and here catelle for to conquere 
oure heritage, thei may not don it withouten the lordes. For 
a semblee of peple withouten a cheventeyn, or a chief lord, is 25 
as a flock of scheep withouten a schepperde ; the which depart- 
eth and desparpleth, and wyten never whidre to go. But . 
wolde God, that the temporel lordes and alle worldly lordes 
weren at gode accord, and with the comen peple woul den taken 
this holy viage over the see. Thanne I trowe wel, that within 30 
a lityl tyme oure righte heritage before seyd scholde be recon- 
syled and put in the hondes of the righte heires of Jesu Crist. 

11. As seised. As seized, put in possession of, having possession of it. 

18. Do it out, etc. Take it out of heathen men's hands. 

26. Tlie which dei>arteth, etc. W^hich divides and scatters. Desparp- 
leth is from O. Fr. desparpiller, whence eparpiller ; h. papilio. So in Wyc- 
liffe: " I schal smyte the scheperde, and the scheep of the flocke schulen 
be disparplide.'\ 

28. Wolde God that. ^Vould to God that, etc. 



12 THE VOIAGE AND TEAVAILE 

And for als moche as it is longe tyme passed, that ther was 
no generalle passage ne vyage over the see, and many men de- 
siren for to here speke of the holy lond, and han thereof gret 
solace and comfort ; I John Maundevylle, knyght, alle be it I 

5 be not worthi, that was born in Englond, in the town of Seynt 
Albones, passed the see, in the ^eer of our Lord Jesu Crist 
MCCCXXIL, in the day of Seynt Michelle ; and hidreto have 
ben longe tyme over the see, and have seyn and gon thorghe 
manye dy verse londes, and many provynees and kingdomes and 

lo iles, and have passed thorghe Tartarye, Percye, Ermonye the 
lityile and the grete, thorghe Lybye, Caldee and a gret partie 
of Ethiope, thorghe Amazoyne, Inde the lasse and the more, a 
gret partie, and thorgheout many othere iles, that ben abouten 
Inde; wdiere dwellen many dy verse folkes, 'and of dy verse 

15 maneres and lawes, and of dyverse schappes of men. Of 
whiche londes and iles I sclialle speke more pleynly hereaftre. 
And I schalle devise you sum partie of thinges that there ben, 
w^han time schalle ben, aftre it may best come to my mynde ; 
and specyally for hem that wylle and are in purpos for to vis- 

20 ite the holy citee of Jerusalem, and the holy places that are 

thereaboute. iVnd I shalle telle the weye, that tliei schuUe 

holden thidre. For I have often tymes passed and ryden the 

way, with gode companye of many lordes, God be thonked. 

And yee schulle undirstonde, that I have put this boke out 

25 of Latyn into Frensche, and translated it ap'en out of Frensche 
into Englyssche, that every man of my nacioun may undir- 
stonde it; but lordes and knyghtes and othere noble and 
w^orthi men, that conne Latyn but lityile, and han ben be- 
2/onde the see, knowen and undirstonden, git I erre in de- 



5. Town of Seynt Albones. St. Albans, in Hertfordshire. 

10. Ermonye the Htylle, etc. Armenia, major and minor. 

12. Amazoyne. Amazonia, " that is the lond of Femynye, where that no 
man is but only alle wommen." Chaucer's " regne of Femenye/' the king- 
dom of the Amazons. 

12. Inde the lasse, etc. Afterwards thus described: "Yndeis devj^ded 
in 3 princypalle parties, that is, the more, that is a fulle hoot contree; and 
Ynde the lasse, that is a fulle atempree contrey, that strecchethe to the lond 
of Mede; and the 3 part toward theSeptentrion is fulle cold/' ''It is cleped 
ynde for a flom that rennethe thorgheout the contree, that is clept V/K/e 
[Indus]." 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 13 

visynge, for for^/etynge, or elles, that thei mowe redresse it 
and amende it. For thinges passed out of longe tyme from a 
mannes mynde or from his syght, turnen sone into for^etynge; 
because that mynde of man ne may not ben comprehended ne 
witheholden, for the freeltee of mankynde. 5 

CAP. V. 

OF MANYE NAMES OF SOUDANS, AND OF THE TOUR OF BABILOYN. 

And whoso wille go be londe thorghe the lond of Babyloyne, 
where the sowdan dwellethe comonly, he moste gete grace of 
him and leve, to go more silcerly thorghe tho londes and con- 
trees. And for to go to the mount of Synay, before that men 
gon to Jerusalem, thei schalle go fro Gaza to the castelle of 10 
Daire. And after that, men com en out of Surry e, and entren 
into wyldernesse, and there the weye is sondy. And that 
wyldernesse and desert lastethe 8 journeyes. But alleweyes 
men fynden gode innes, and alle that hem nedethe of vytaylle. 
And men clepen that wyldernesse Achelleke. And vvhan a 15 
man comethe out of that desert, he entrethe into Egypt, that 
men clepen Egypt Canopac: and aftre other langage, men 
clepen it Morsyn. And there first men fynden a gode toun, 
that is clept Belethe; and it is at the ende of the kyngdom of 
Halappee. And from thens men gon to Babyloyne and to 20 
Cayre. 

At Babyloyne there is a faire chirche of oure Lady, where 



2. For tliinges passed out, etc. The writer's English is uot so good 
as the French here, which i eads : " Car chose de longe temps passe par le 
vewe tournet en obli, et memorie de homme ne poet mie tout tenir et coin- 
prehendre." Comprehended and in'fheholden are synonyms, used with their 
original meanings: L. conipre)tendere, to seize, lay hold of, retain; A.S. 
tvitli-Jtealdan. to hold back, restrain. 

13. Lastethe 8 journeyes. Lasts eight days' journey; Fr. journee, a 
day's work or travel. 

14. Hem nedetlie. Is necessary for them. 

17. Egypt Caiioijac. A name apparently derived from the city Cano- 
pufi, Gi'eek Kavca/3o?. 

18. Morsyn. Pet haps Xhe o]d Mi zr aim. 

20. Halappee. Ah ppo; a few lines below it is Alappe. 
20. Babyloyne and to Cayre. Babylon in Egypt, near Cairo. Its posi- 
tion is said to be marked by a quarter of old Cairo called BabouL or Babilon, 



14 THE VOIAGE AND TKAVAILE 

sche dwelled 7 ^/^er, whan sclie fleyghe out of the loud of 
Judee, for clrede of kyng Heroude. And there lythe the body 
of Seynt Barbre the virgine and martyr. And there duelled 
Josephe, whan he was sold of his bretheren. And there made 
5 Nabngodonozor the kyng putte three children into the forneys 
of fuyr, for the! weren in the righte trouthe of beleeve: the 
which e children men cleped Ananya, Azaria, Mizaelle, as the 
psalm of Benedicite seythe; but Nabugodonozor cleped hem 
other wise, Sydrak, Misak, and Abdenago, that is to seye, God 

lo glorious, God victorious, and God over alle thinges and remes. 
And that was for the myracle, that he saughe Goddes sone go 
with the children thorghe the fuyr, as he seyde. There 
duellethe the soudan in his Calahelyke (for there is comounly 
his see), in a fayr castelle strong and gret and wel sett upon a 

15 roche. In that castelle duellen alle wey, to kepe it and to 
serve the sowdan, mo than 6000 persones, that taken alle here 
necessaries of the sowdanes court. I oughte right wel to 
knowen it, for I duelled with him as soudyour in his werres 
a gret while, a^en the Bedoynes. And he wolde have maryed 

20 me fuUe highely, to a gret princes daughtre, .^^if I wolde ban 
forsaken my lawe and my beleve. But I thanke God, I had 
no wille to don it, for no thing that he behigten me. . And ?/ee 
schulle undrestonde, that the soudan is lord of 5 kyngdomes, 
that he hathe conquered and apropred to him be strengthe; 

25 and theise ben the names: the kyngdom of Canapak, that is 



3. Seynt Barbre. Saint Barbara, who is said to have suffered martyr- 
dom at Hehopohs by order of her own father, a.d. 306. See Butler's 
" Lives of the Saints." 

4. And there made . . . putte, etc. And there . . . caused to be 
put, etc. The author here confuses the Chaldaean Babylon with the Egypt- 
ian. See 1. 14. p. 18. 

8. Psalm of Benedicite. The Song of the three H0I5" Children in the 
fiery furnace, an apocryphal addition to the Book of Daniel, given in the 
Vulgate (chap. iii. 24-90), used as a hymn in the Christian Church since the 
fourth century. Many of the verses begin with Benedicite, as: Benedicite 
fontes Domino, Bless the Lord, O ye fountains. The Hebrew names are 
Ananias, Azarias, and IMisael. The author's interpretation of the Chal- 
daean names is more ingenious than etymological. 

13. Calahelyke. The imperial castle, or citadel; Arabic, A^n 7a, a castle, 
and the suffix lik. holding, belonging to. 

14. His see. His -seat, principal (l\v«^l ling-place, where he holds his court; 
L. sedes, a seat : O. Fr. se. 

24. Apropred to him be strengthe. Appropriated to himself by force. 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 15 

Egypt; and the kyngdom of Jeriisalein, where that David 
and Salomon were kynges; and the kyngdom of Surrye, of 
the whiche the cytee of Damasc was chief; and the kyngdom 
of Alappe, in the lond of Mathe, and the kyngdom of Ara- 
bye, that was to on of the 3 kynges, that made offryng to s 
oure Lord, whan he was born. And many othere londes he 
holdethe in his hond. And there withalle he holdethe ealyffes, 
that is a fulle gret thing in here langage, and it is als meche 
to seye as kyng. And there were wont to ben 5 soudans, but 
now there is no mo but he of Egypt. And the firste soudan jo 
was Zarocon, that was of Mede (as was fadre to Sahaladyn), 
that toke the caliife of Egypt and slonghe him, and was made 
soudan be strengthe. Aftre that was soudan, Sahaladyn. in 
whoos tyme the kyng of Englonde, Richarde the firste, with 
manye othere, kepten the passage, that Sahaladyn ne myghte 15 
not passen. Aftre Sahaladyn regned his sone Boradyn; and 
aftre him his nephewe. Aftre that the comaynz, that weren 
in servage in Egypt, felten hemself, that thei weren of gret 
power, thei chesen hem a soudain amonges hem; the whiche 
made him to ben cleped Melethesalan. And in his tyme en- 20 
tred in to the contree, of the kj'uges of France, Seynt Lowyz, 
and foughte with him, and the soudan toke him and en- 
prisound him. And this was slayn of his owne servauntes. 
And aft re thei chosen an other to be soudan, that thei cleped 
Tympieman. And he let delyveren Seynt Lowys out of pre- 25 
soun, for certeyn ransoum. And aftre, on of theise comaynz 
regned, that highte Cachas, and sloughe Tympieman, for to be 
soudan, and made him ben cleped Melechemes; and aftre, 
another that hadde to name Bendochdare, that sloughe Mele- 



ll. As was fadre, etc. AVho was father of Saladin. 

17. The comaynz, that vreren in servage, etc. This refers to the 
Mamelukes, a body of soldiery who began to rule in Eg-ypt in the 13th 
century under the sultan Malek el-Adel. The Arabic woid mamhik means 
slave. Mandeville's word comaynz is a pecuhar formation, perhaps directly 
from the L. comunitas: probably the same as comynfi, or the comen %)€pJe, 
as in 1. 29, p. 11. It pcciu-s elsewiiere as a race nanie : " On this half is the 
kyngdom of Comanye, whereof the Comanys that dwelleden in Grece som- 
tyme weren chased out.'' 

20. Made him ben cleped. Caused himself to be called. So in 1 19 
p. 16.. ' * 



16 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

cliemes, for to be soudan, and cleped himself Melechdare. In 
his tyme, entred the gode kyng Edward of Englond in Syrye, 
and dide gret barm to the Sarrazines. And aft re was this 
soudan enpoysound at Damasce, and his sone thoghte to regne 
5 aftre him be heritage, and made him to ben clept Melesch- 
sache. But another, that had to name Elphy, chaced him out of 
the contree, and made him soudan. This man toke the cytee 
of Tripollee, and destroy ede manye of the cristene men, the 
peer of grace 1289, but he w^as anon slayn. Aftre that was the 

losone of Elphy chosen to ben soudan, and cleped him Melle- 
thasseraff ; and he toke the citee of Akoun, and chaced out the 
cristene men. And this was also enpoysond. And than was 
his brother ymade soudan, and was cleped Melechnasser. 
And aftre, on that was clept Guytoga, toke him and put him 

15 in prisoun, in the castelle of Mountryvalle; and made him 
soudan be strengthe, and cleped him Melechcadelle: and he 
was of Tartaryne. But the comaynz chaced him out of the 
contree, and diden hym meche sorwe, and maden on of hem- 
self soudan, that hadde to name Lachyn, and he made him to 

2o ben clept Melechmanser; the whiche on a day pleyed at the 
chesse, and his swerd lay besyde him; and so befelle, that on 
wratthed him, and with his owne propre swerd he was slayn. 
And aftre that, thei weren at gret discord, for to make a sou- 
dan. And fynally thei accordeden to Melechnasser, that Guy- 

25 toga had put in prisoun at Mountrivalle. And this regnede 
longe and governed wisely, so that his eldest sone was chosen 
aftre him, Melechemader; the whiche his brother leet sle 
prevyly, for to have the lordschipe, and made him to ben clept 
Melechmadabron. And he was soudan, whan I departed fro 



9. Was anon slayn. On the contrary, he died a natural death at the 
a^e of seventy. So, too, the " soudan " mentioned in 1. 4 was not poisoned, 
but was killed by three rebellious subjects while hunting. IMandeville had 
a genius for facts, but did not feel responsible for their correctness. 

15. Castelle of Mountryvalle. The 'Laiin "MS. has, de Monte regalL A 
more consistent corruption would have been Mountryalle, like ryalle. as in 
1. 6, p. 20, Ills rydlle estate. Tlie citadel of Cairo is probably intended. 

17. Of Tartaryne. Apparently intended for of Tartarye. 

21. On wratthed him. One provoked him. 

94. Thei accordeden to. They agreed upon. 

27. Ijeet sle prevyly. Caused, or permitted, to be slain secretly. 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. . 17 

the contrees. And wyte ^ee wel, that the soudan may lede 
out of Egypt mo than 20,000 men of armes; and out of Surrye, 
and out of Turkye, and out of other contrees, that he holt, he 
may arrere mo than 50,000. And alle tho ben at his wages, 
and thei ben alle weys at him, withouten the folke of his con- 5 
tree, that is withouten nombre. And everyche of hem hath 
be i/ere the mountance of 6 score floreynes. But it behovethe, 
that every of hem holde 3 hors and a cameylle. And be the 
cytees and be the townes ben amyralles, that han the govern- 
ance of the peple. On hath to govern e 4, and another hath to 10 
governe 5, another mo, and another wel mo. And als moche 
takethe the amyralle be him allone, as alle the other sould- 
yours han undre hym. And therfore, whan the soudan wille 
avance ony worthi knyghte, he makethe him a amyralle. 
And whan it is ony derthe, the knyghtes ben right pore, and 15 
thanne thei sellen bothe here hors and here barneys. And 
the soudan hathe 4 wyfes, on cristene and 3 Sarrazines, 
of the whiche on dwellethe at Jerusalem, and another at 
Damasce, and another at Ascalon; and whan hem lyst, thei 
remewen to other cytees. And whan the soudan wille, he 20 
may go visite hem. And he hathe as many paramours, as 
hym lykethe. For he makethe to come before him the fairest 
and the nobleste of birth e and the gentylleste damyseles of 
his contree, and he makethe hem to ben kept and served fulle 
honourabely. . . . Andbefore the soudan comethe no strangier, 25 
but ^if he be clothed in clothe of gold or of Tartarye or of 
camaka in the Sarazines guyse, and as the Sarazines usen. And 
it behovethe, that anon at the firste sight that men see the 
soudan, be it in wyndowe, or in what place elles, that men knele 
to him and kysse the erthe: for that is the man ere to do rever- 30 



6. Hath be yere, etc. Hath by year (yearly) the amount of six score 
florins. 

12. Be him allone. By hirnfself alone. 

26. Of Tartarye or of" camaka. Tartarin and camaco were kinds of 
fine silk cloth. The autlior mentions them frequently, as " clothes of gold 
and of camakans and Tartarynes.'' Tartarin (also cloth of Tors), was sup- 
posed to be made by the Tartars, but was probably broiiglit overland by 
tliem from China and India. The name Camaca first appears in the four- 
teenth century; Low Lat. camoca, Gr. xa/ixovxa?. 



18 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

ence to the soudanne, of hem that speken with him. And 
whan that messangeres of straiinge contrees comeu before 
him, the meynee of the soudan, whan the straungeres speken 
to hym, thei ben aboute the souldan with swerdes drawen and 

sgysarmez and axes, here armes lift up in highe with the 
wepenes, for to smyte upon hem, ^if thei seye ony woord, that 
is displesance to the soudan. And also, no straungere comethe 
before him, but that he makethe him sum promys and graunt 
of that the straungere askethe resonabely, be so it be not 

lo ap'enst his lawe. And so don othere prynces be^/onden. For 

thei seyn, that no man schalle come before no prynce, but 

that he be bettre, and schalle be more gladdere in departynge 

from his presence, thanne he was at the comynge before hym. 

And undirstonde 2/ee, that that Babyloyne that I have 

IS spoken offe, where that the soudan duellethe, is not that gret 
Babyloyne, where the dyversitee of langages was first made 
for vengeance, by the myracle of God, when the grete tour of 
Babel was begonnen to ben made; of the whiche the walles 
weren 64 furlonges of heighthe; that is in the grete desertes 

20 of Arabye, upon the weye as men gon toward the kyngdom of 
Caldee. But it is fulle longe sithe that ony man durste neyhe 
to the tour, for it is alle deserte and fulle of dragouns and 
grete serpentes, and fulle of dyverse venymouse bestes alle 
abouten. That tour, with the cytee, was of 25 myle in cyrcuyt 

25 of the walles, as thei of the contree seyn, and as men may 
demen by estymatioun, aftre that men tellen of the contree. 

6. That is displesance. That pives displeasure. 

9. Be so it be, etc. So that it be, if it be In old English so in this 
sense is frequently accompanied by a preposition by, be, or for. See Matz- 
ner's English Grammar, II. 2, p. 458. 

10. Otliere prynces beyonden. Beyond the sea, i.e. in the East. So 
parties beyonde in 1. 1, p. 20. 

12. Bettre. Better off, in a better condition. 

19. 64 furlonges of heiglite. So in both Latin and French 31 SS Cf. 
Trevisa's account (Higden's Polychronicon): " Tli^ citee is icleped Babylon, 
and the londe Babylonia; they that oon be wel ofte itake for that otlier; 
bote the tour is icleped and hatte Babel. Orosius libro secundo. Babylon 
was ibuld as a castel, and iwalled with foure walles square al abonres; 
eueriche wel was fifty cubites in brede, and foure time so moche in h^-ithp; 
tiie lengthe of euery wal from oon coi-ner to another was sixtene myle. The 
walles were all aboute foure hondred (nid foure score forlong {= stadioriim), 
that is /oiir and four ty myle.'' 

2(>. Aftre that men tellen. According to that which men tell. 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. , 19 

And thoughe it be clept the tour of Babiloyne, yit natheles 
there were ordeyned withinne many mansiouns and many 
gret duellyiige places, in lengthe and brede. And that tour 
conteyned gret contree in circuyt, for the tour all one con- 
teyned 10 myle sqware. That tour founded kyng Nembrothe, ^ 
that was kyng of that contree, and he was firste kyng of the 
world. And he leet make an ymage in the lyknesse of his 
fadre, and constreyned alle his subgettes for to worschipe it, 
and anon begonnen othere lordes to do the same, and so be- 
gonnen the ydoles and the symulacres first. The town and ^^ 
the cytee weren fulle wel sett in a fair contree and a playn, 
that men clepen the contree of Samar, of the whiche the 
walles of the cytee werein 200 cabytes in heighte, and 50 
cubytes in breadthe. And the ry vere of Euphrate ran thorghe- 
out the cytee and aboute the tour also. But Cirus, the kyng ^5 
of Perse, toke from hem the ryvere, and destroyede alle the 
cytee and the tour also. For he departed that ryvere in 360 
smale ryveres, because that he had sworn, that he scholde 
putte the ryvere in suche poynt, that a woman myghte wel 
passe there, withouten castynge of of hire clothes; for als 20 
moche as he hadde lost many worthi men, that troweden to 
passen that ryvere by swymmynge. 

And from Babyloyne, where the soudan dwellethe, to go 
right betwene the oryent and tlie septemtryon, toward the 
grete Babyloyne, is 40 journeyes to passen be desart. But^s 
it is not the grete Babiloyne in the lond and in the powere of 
the seyd soudan, but it is in the power and the lordschipe of 
Persye. But he holdethe it of the grete Cham, that is the 
gretteste emperour and the most sovereyn lord of alle the 



5. Nembrothe. Nirnrod. This name occurs in writers of the period as 
Memhrot, Nemprot. Nemjyroot^ Nemproth, etc. 

11. In a fair contree and a playn. This form of double qualification 
is very common in Mandeville, as " a fulle fair cliirche and a jjracyouse." 
"a fair tour and a highe," "a faire castelle and a strongs," "a fulle fair 
place and a delicyous," " a fulle fair vale and a fructuouse." 

12. Saniar. Also Sennar. The Biblical "land of Shinar/"' Gen. x. 10. 

13. AVerein. hov iceren. were. 

10. In suche poynt. In such condition. Cf. Chaucer's "in good poynt," 
Prol. 200. ^ V ' 

28. the grete Cham. The great Khan. 



20 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

parties be2/onde, and he is lord of the iles of Cathay and of 
many othere iles, and of a gret partie of Inde. And his lond 
marchethe unto prestre Johnes lond, and he holt so moche 
lond, that he knowethe not the ende. And he is more myghty 

5 and grettre lord withoute comparisoun, than is the soudan. Of 
his ryalle estate and of his myghte I schalle speke more 
plenerly, whan I schalle speke of the lond and of the eontree 
of Ynde. 

Also the cytee of Methone where Machomet lythe, is of the 

lo grete desertes of Arabye. And there lithe the body of hym 
f Lille hononrabely in here temple, that the Sarazines clepen 
Muskethe. And it is fro Babyloyne the lesse, where the soudan 
duellethe, unto Methon aboveseyd, into a 32 journeyes. And 
wytethe wel, that the rewme of Arabye is a fulle gret eontree, 

15 but therein is over moche dysert. And no man may dwelle 
there in that desert, for defaute of watre. For that lond is 



1. lies of Cathay. The regions or lands of China. Cathay is the name 
by which China was known to mediaeval Europe, originally Kitiii, from a 
race of Tartars called Khitdn, by whom the northern part of China was 
subdued in the tenth century. 

3. Prestre Johnes lond. Presbyt^^r, i.e. Priest, John's laud. For an 
iccount of the literature concerning this fabulous Christian sovereign, see 
EncyclopcBdia Britannica and Yule's Cathay and the Way Thither. See 
also " Travels " of Marco Polo. Mandeville describes his *' roj^al estate '' in 
Chap. XXVII. Of his palace he says: "He duellethe comounly in the cytee 
of Suse; and there is his principaile palays. that is so riche and so noble, 
that no man will trowe it by estymacioun, but he had seen it. And aboven 
the chief tour of the palays ben 2 rounde pomeles of gold; and in everj^che 
of hem ben 2 carboncles grete and large, that schyneu fulle brighte upon 
the njght. And the principaile gates of his palays ben of precious ston, 
that men clepen sardoyne: and the bordure and the barres ben of ivorye: 
and the wyndowes of the halles and chambres ben of cristalle: and the 
tables, where on men eten, some ben of emeraudes. sume of amatyst and 
some of gold, fulle of precious stones; and the pileres. that beren up the 
tables, ben of the same precious stones. And the degrees to gon up to his 
throne, where he sittethe at the mete, on is of oniche, another is of cristalle, 
and another of jaspre grene, another of amatyst, another of sardyne, 
another of cor eliue. and the sevene that he settethe on his feet, is cf criso- 
lyte. And alle theise degrees ben bordmed with fyn gold, with the tother 
V)recious stones, sett with grete perles oryent. And the sydes of the sege of 
his throne ben of emeraudes, and bordured with gold fulle nobely, and 
dubbed with other pi-ecious stones and grete perles. And alle the pileres in 
his chambre ben of fyne gold with precious stones, and with many carbon- 
cles, that geven gret lyght upon the nj^ght to alie peple," etc. 

9. Methone. Medina, the earher Jathreb. Its mosque is supposed to 
contain the tomb of Mahomet. 

13. Into a 33 journeyes. About a 32 days' journey. This construction 
occurs frequently in Mandeville, as " a 15 journej^es," •' an 8 ionrneyes." '" a 
30 myle," '* a 14,000 olifauntz," " a 3 bow shote," etc. See Matzner's Gram- 
mar, II. 2, p. 179. 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 21 

alle gravelly and f alle of send, and it is drye and nothing fruc- 
tuous, because that it hathe no moysture, and therfore is 
there so meche desart. And ^if it hadde ryveres and welles, 
and the lond also were, as it is in other parties, it scholde ben 
als fulle of peple and als fulle enhabyted with folk, as in 5 
other places. For there is fulle gret multitude of peple, 
where as the lond is enhabyted. Arabye durethe fro the 
endes of the reme of Caldee, unto the laste ende of Affryk, 
and marchethe to the lond of Ydumee, toward the ende of 
Botron. And in Caldee, the chief cytee is Baldak. And of 10 
Affryk, the chief cytee is Cartage, that Dydo, that was Eneas 
wyf^ founded ; the whiche Eneas was of the cytee of Troye, 
and aftre was kyng of Itaylle. Mesopotamye strecchethe also 
unto the desertes of Arabye, and it is a gret contree. In this 
contree is the cytee of Araym, where Abrahames fadree 15 
duelled, and from whens Abraham departed, be commande- 
ment of the aungelle. And of that cytee was Effraym, that 
was a gret clerk and a gret doctour. And Theophylus was 
of that cytee also, that oure ladye savede from oure enemye. 
And Mesopotame durethe fro the ryvere of Eufrates unto the 20 
ry vere of Tygris, for it is betwene tho 2 ryveres. And bei/onde 
the ryvere of Tygre, is Caldee, that is a fulle gret kyngdom. 
In that rewme, at Baldak aboveseyd, was wont to duelle the 
calyffeez, that was wont to ben bothe as emperour and pope of 
the Arabyenez, so that he was lord spirituelle and temporelle. 25 

10. Botron. Probably for Bostrum, Bosra, now El Biiseirah in Edom. 

10. Baldak. Bagdad; ^\)e\\ed. 0X9,0 Baudac, Baldacli, Baydachyelc. 

15. Araym. Araui, or Haran. Genesis xi, 31, xii. 4. 

17. Eftrayin. Epbraem Syrus, a celebrated church father of the fourth 
century, whose writings were so highly esteemed, according to Jerome, as 
to be read in the churches with the Scriptures. He was from Nisibis, not 
Haran. 

19. That oure ladye savede. This is the Faust legend of the Middle 
Ages, according to which Theophilus, clerk to a bishop in Sicily, pledged his 
so 1 to the Devil by a written compact, and was saved by the interposition 
of the Blessed Virgin. A metrical version of the story in early English is 
described in Morley's English Writers, Vol. IV^. pp. 27.3-278. It was the 
subject of one of the earliest dramas in Low German. See the " Golden 
Legends " of Jacques de Voragine. 

22. Tygre. The same as Ti/gri.^i, immediately preceding. 

24. Calyfteez. In Mandeville a singular verb is often used with a plural 
subject when the verb precedes the subject. So in 1. 4, p. 27, below, '' there 
is no mo briddes.'* So also "In that reme is alle wommen and no man," 
"There is ymade large nettes of sylk," etc. 



22 THE VOIAGE AND TKAVAILE 

And he was successour to Macliomete, and of his genera- 
tioun. That cytee of Baldak was wont to ben doped Sutis, and 
Nabiigodonozor founded it. And there duelled the holy pro- 
phete Daniel, and there he saughe visionnes of hevene, and 
5 there he made the expositioun of dremes. And in old tyme, 
there were wont to be 3 calyffez, and thei dwelleden in the 
cytee of Baldak aboveseyd. 

And at Cayre besides Babyloyne duelled the calyffee of 
Egypt. And at Marrok, upon the west see, duelte the calyffee 

lo of Barbaryenes and of Alf rycanes. And now is there non of 
the calyffeez, ne noughte han ben, sithe the tyme of sowdan 
Sahaladyn. For from that tyme hidre, the sowdan clepethe 
himself calyffee, and so han the calytfeez ylost here name. 
Also wytethe wel, that Babyloyne the lesse, where the soudan 

^5 duellethe, and at the cytee of Cayr, that is nyghe besyde it, 
ben grete huge cytees [manye] and fayr, and that on sytt 
nyghe that other. Babyloyne sytt upon the ryvere Gyson, 
somtyme clept Nyle, that comethe out of paradys terrestre. 

2. Sutis. For Susis, or Susa. 

9. Marrok. Marocco, a cirj- of 700,000 inhabitants in the twelfth century. 

9. The west see. The Atlantic ocean. Trevisa saj's: "Africa . . . hath 
in the west side the luest occean.'" 

10. Barbaryenes. The Berebers, lil^e Arabyenez, the Arabians, in 1. 25, 
p. 21. 

14. Babyloyne . , . and at the cytee of Cayr. The force of the adverb 
where seems to be carried forward to the next clause, making che " soudan " 
dwell in both cities. The author evidentl.y intended to say that Babylon, 
ivhere the sultan divells. and the city of C((iro, that is near it, are great huge 
cities and fair. Matzner remarks that the word manye clearly belongs only 
to the careless transcriber. 

17. Ryvere Gyson. River Gihon. See Gen. ii. 10-14. 

18. Paradys terrestre. The location of the garden of Eden, and the 
identification of the rivers mentioned in Genesis ii. 8-"24. has been a sub- 
ject of tireless speculation in all ages. The earthly paradise of mediaeval 
fancy was a place somewhere in the far East, beyond the great ocean stream 
which was supposed to encompass the earth, raised upon mountain heights 
so high that the deluge did not reach it; here Enoch. Elijah, and especially 
favored saints were believed to be dwelling. The conception was a mixture 
of Biblical statements and classical reminiscences of Elysium and the Isl- 
ands of the Blest. In Chap XXX. Mandeville says modestly: " Of paradys 
ne can not I speken propurly; for I was not there. It is fer beyonde: and 
that forthinkethe me; and also I was not woithi. But as I have herd seye 
of wyse men bej^onde, I schalle telle you with gode wille. Paradys terrestre, 
as wise men seyn. is the liighest place of erthe. that is in alle the world ; and 
it is so hiehe, that it touchethe nyghe to the cercle of the mone, there as the 
mone makethe hire torn. For she is so highe. thnt the fl(^de of Noe ne myght 
not come to hire, that wolde have covered alle the erthe of the world alle 
aboute, and aboven and benethen, saf paradys only allone. And this para- 
dys is enclosed alle aboute with a walle; and men wyte not wherof it is. 
For the walles ben covered alle over with mosse, as it semethe. And it 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 23 

That ryvere of Nyle, alle the yeev, wlian the fcoune entrethe 
into the signe of Cancer, it begynnethe to wexe, and it wex- 
ethe alle weys, als longe as the sonne is in Cancro, and in the 
signe of Lyoune. And it wexethe in suche manere, that it is 
somtyine so gret, that it is 20 eubytes or more of dcpnesse, 5 
and thanne it dothe gret harm to the godes that ben upon the 
lond. For thanne may no man travaylle to ere the londes, 
for the grete moystnesse : and therfore is there dere tyme in 
that contree. And also whan it wexethe lytylle, it is dere 
tyme in that contree, for defaute of moj^sture. And whan the 10 
Sonne is in the signe of Virgo, thanne begynnethe the ryvere 
for to wane and to decrece lytyl and lytylle ; so that whan the 
Sonne is entred in to the signe of Libra, thanne thei entren 
betwene theise ryveres. This ryvere comethe rennynge from 
paradys terrestre, betwene the desertes of Ynde, and aftre it is 
smytt unto londe, and rennethe longe tyme many grete contrees 
undre erthe. And aftre it gothe out undre an highe hille, 
that men clepen Alothe, that is betwene Ynde and Ethiope, 



semethe not that the walle is ston of nature. And that walle stiecchethe 
fro the southe to the northe; and it hathe not but on entree, that is closed 
with fyre brenuynge; so that no man that is luortalle ne dar not entren. 
And in the moste highe place of pardys, evene in the myddel place, is a 
welle, that castethe out the 4 flodes. that rennen be dyverse londes; of the 
whiche the first is clept Phison or Ganges, that is alle on; and it rennethe 
thorghe out Ynde or Emlak: in the whiche ryvere ben manye preciouse 
stones, and inochel of lignu aloes, and moche gravelle of gold. And that 
other ryvere is clept Nilus or Gyson, that gothe be Ethiope. and aftre be 
Egypt. And that other is clept Tigris, that rennethe be Assirj-e and be 
Arrnenye the grete. And that other is clept Eufrate, that rennethe also be 
Medee and be Arn^.onye and be Persye. And men there beyonde seyn that 
all the swete watres of the world aboven and benethen. taken hire begyn- 
nynge of the welle of paradj's; and out of that welle alle watres conien «nd 
gon," etc. 

6. Thfe godes. The ciops. In the north of England the word cioods was 
applied to cattle, and the products of the dairy. 

13. Thanne tliei entren . . . ryvere.s. Other versions show that the 
author intended to describe here the i-eceding of the river to its proper chan- 
nel. Pliny makes a similar statement: ''In totum autem vevocaUir intra 
ripas in Libra."" Matzner therefore conjectures that the passage should read, 
thanne it entretlie bettctne hifie ryveres ; the word ryveres would then lefer 
to the river-banks, a use justified by the O. Fr. riviere. 

15. It smytt unto londe. It rushes into the land. Smyft. smites, 
dashes, rushes; A. S. smitan. So in Robert of Gloucester: '"He smot 
out of toune.'"' 

18. Alothe. Other versions have Aloch and AJat. Probably Atlas is in- 
tended. Trevisa says : ' And they me rede in bookes that Nilus cometh out 
of Paradys, yit Borii men affermeth and seith that Nilus springeth in the 
west side of the londe of Ethiopia, nought fer from the hil that is iclepod 
Atlas, and goth aboute Ethiopia and downw^ard by Egipt." 



24 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

the distance of five moneths journeyes fro the entree of 
Ethiope. And aftre it envyronnethe alle Ethiope and More- 
kane, and gothe alle along fro the lond of Egipte, unto the 
cytee of Alisandre, to the ende of Egipte ; and there it fallethe 

5 into the see. Aboute this ryvere ben man ye briddes and 
foules, as sikonyes, that thei clepen ibes. 

Egypt is a long contree, ,but it is streyt, that is to seye, 
narow ; for thei may not enlargen it toward the desert, for 
defaute of watre. And the contree is sett along upon the 

lo ryvere of Nyle, be als moche as that ryvere may serve be 
llodes or otherwise, that whanne it flowethe, it may spreden 
abrood thorghe the contree : so is the contree large of lengthe. 
For there it reyneth not but litylle in that contree, and for 
that cause they have no watre, but git it be of that flood of 

15 that ryvere. And for als moche as it ne reynethe not in that 
contree, but the eyr is alwey pure and cleer, tlierfore in that 
contree ben the gode astronomyeres, for thei fynde there no 
cloudes to let ten hem. Also the cytee of Cayre is righte gret, 
and more huge than that of Babyloyne the lesse, and it sytt 

20 aboven toward the desert of Syrye, a lytille aboven the ryvere 
aboveseyd. In Egipt there ben 2 parties : the heghte, that is 
toward Ethiope, and the lowenesse, that is towardes Arabye. 
In Egypt is the lond of Ramasses and the lond of Gessen. 
Egipt is a strong contree, for it hathe man ye schrewede 

25 havenes, because of the grete roches, that ben stronge and 
daungerouse to passe by. And at Egipt, toward the est, is 
the Eede See, that durethe unto the cytee of Coston; and 
toward the west, is the contree of Lybye, that is a ful\p drye 
lond, and litylle of fruyt, for it is overmoche plentee of hete. 



2. Morekane. Apparently for Mauritania. 

10. Be flodes or otherwise. By overflows or (perhaps) by canals and 
other methods of irrigation. 

23. The lond of Kauiasses, etc. The land of Rameses and the land of 
Goshen. 

24. Schrewede havenes. Bad or dangerous harbors. Schreiced is lit- 
erally accursed^ fri)Mi schruen, to curse ; from A. S. screaica., a shrew-mouse, 
the belief being that its bite was fatal ; whence Eng. shrew. Bacon says an 
ant " is a shrewd thing in an orchard or garden." 

27. Cytee of Coston. This must be Colsiuii, another name for Suez. 
29. For it is overmoche. For there is overmuch. 



OP SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 25 

And that lond is clept Fusthe. And toward the partie meri- 
dionalle is Ethiope ; and toward the northe is the desert, that 
durethe unto Syrye. And so is the contree strong on alle 
sydes. And it is wel a 15 journey es of lengthe, and more 
than two so moche of desert ; and it is but two journeyes in 5 
largenesse. And betwene Egipt and ISTubye, it hathe wel a 
12 journees of desert. And men of Nubye ben cristene, but 
thei ben blake as the Mowres, for grete hete of the sonne. 

In Egipt there ben 5 provynces : that on highte Sahythe, 
that other highte Demeseer, another Kesithe, that is an ile in to 
Nyle, another Alisandre, and another the lond of Damiete. 
That cytee was wont to be righte strong, but it was twyes 
wonnen of the cristene men ; and therfore after that the 
Sarazines beten down the walles. And with the walles and 
the tour thereof, the Sarazines maden another cytee more fer 15 
from the see, and clepeden it the newe Damyete, so that now 
no man duellethe at the rathere toun of Damyete. And that 
cytee of Damyete is on of the havenes on Egypt ; and at 
Alisandre is that other, that is a fulle strong cytee. But 
there is no watre to drynke, but ^if it come be condyt from 20 
Nyle, that entrethe into here cisternes, and who so stopped 
that watre from hem, thei myghte not endure there. In 
Egypt there ben but fewe forcelettes or castelles, because that 
the contree is so strong of himself. At the desertes of Egypte 
was a worthi man, that was an holy heremyte ; and there 25 
mette with hym a monstre (that is to seyne, a monstre is a 
thing difformed a^en kynde both of man or of best or of ony 



1. Fusthe. Cf. Trevisa : "That womman Libya reig:ned in tliat lond 
Lib.ya, and the peple of that lond hitte Fhiitei of Phut, Chamys [Ham's] 
sone." See Gen. x. 6. 

1. Partie meridioiialle. The southern part. 

9. 5 provynces. These five "provynces" appear to be confined to 
Lower Egrypt. SaJiyfhe may be the old Sms, and Demeseer the Damanhur 
of crusading times; Resithe is Rascliid or Rosetta, and Danuete is Damiat 
or Damietta. 

17. The rathere toun. The former town. So in Robert of Gloucester : 
*'Seynt Edward the marter . . . was ys sone By ys rathere wyf.'' Rathere 
is the comp. of rathe, A. S. hraedh^ soon, quick. Cf. Milton's "rathe prim- 
rose," early primrose. 

2b. An holy heremyte. This story is from the life of the holy Paiilus, 
the -first hermit," written by St. Jerome, a kind of religious Robinson 
Crusoe. 



26 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

thing elles, and that is cleped a monstre). Aiid this monstre, 
that mette witli this holy heremyte, was as it hadde ben a 
man, that hadde 2 homes trenchant on his forhede, and he 
hadde a body lyk a man, unto the navele, and benethe he 
5 hadde the body lyche a goot. And the heremyte asked him, 
what he was. And the monstre answerde him, and ^eyde, he 
was a dedly creature, suche as God hadde formed, and duelled 
in the desertes, in purchasynge his sustynance; and besoughte 
the heremyte, that he wolde preye God for him, the whiche 

lo that cam from hevene for to saven alle mankynde, and was 

born of a mayijen^ and suffred passioun and dethe (as we well 

knowen), be whom we lyven and ben. And yit is the hede 

with the 2 homes of that monstre at Alisandre for a marveyle. 

In Egypt is the cytee of Elyople, that is to seyne, the cytee 

15 of the Sonne. In that cytee there is a temple made round, 

' aftre the schappe of the temple of Jerusalem. The prestes of 

that temple han alle here wrylynges, undre the date of the foul 

that is clept Fenix ; and there is non but on in alle the world. 

And he comethe to brenne himself upon the awtere of the 

20 temple, at the ende of 5 hundred yeer : for so longe he 
lyvethe. And at the 500 yeres ende, the prestes arrayen here 
awtere honestly, and putten thereupon spices and sulphur vif 
and other thinges, that wolen brenne lightly. And than the 
brid Fenix comethe, and brennethe himself to askes. And the 



3. Homes trenchant. Sharp horns. Fr. trencher, to cut. 

5. liyche a goot. Like a goat. 

7. Dedly creature. Mortal creature. 

14. Elyople. Heliopolis (Gr. i^Ato?, sun, ttoAi?, city), in the Bible called 
On. Gen. xli. 45. 

18. Fenix. The fable of the Phoenix was widely circulated in ancient 
and mediBBval times. The account in the text is fiom Pliny's Natural His- 
tory, Bk. X. 2, who remarks, 'I am not quite sure that its existence is not 
alia fable " Herodotus (II, 73) obtained the story in Egypt, "which to me 
is not credible," he says. Tacitus examined the story critically (Annals, 
Bk. VI. 28) and concluded that "these accounts are not entitled to unquali- 
fied credit ; . . . but that this bird has been ar some time seen in Egypt is 
not questioned." See also Hesiod, L 4; Ovid's INletamorphoses, XV; 
Seneca's Epistles, 42; Sir T. Browne's Vulgar PZrrors. Bk. HI. 12. For origin 
of the myth, see Encycl. Britannica. The Anglo-Saxon poem, '' The 
Phoenix," is a paraphrase of the ''Carmen de Phenice," attributed to 
Lactantius. 

22. Sulphur vif. Quick, living sulphur; L. vivv.s, alive. So in Virgil, 
Georg. 3, 449 : " Spumas miscent aigenri, vivaqite siUphura.'' And in Ovid, 
Metdm. 3, 374: " Ad motain rapiunt vivacia sulphurd tlammam." 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNBEVILLE. 27 

first day next aftre, men fynden in the askes a worm ; and 
the secunde day next aftre, men funden a brid quyk and 
perfyt ; and the thridde day next aftre, he fleethe his wey. 
And so there is no mo briddes of that kynde in alle the world, 
but it allone. And treuly that is a gret myracle of God. s 
And men may well lykne that bryd unto God, because that 
there nys no God but on, and also, that oure Lord aroos fro 
dethe to lyve, the thridde day. This bryd men seen often 
tyme fleen in tho contrees. And he is not mecheles more 
than an egle, and he hathe a crest of fedres upon his hed lo 
more gret than the poocok hathe ; and his nekke is 2/alowe, 
aftre colour of an orielle, that is a ston well schynynge ; and 
his bek is coloured blew, as ynde ; and his w^enges ben of 
purpre colour, and the taylle is yelow and red, castynge his 
tayle a<7en in travers. And he is a fulle fair brid to loken 15 
upon, a^enst the sonne : for he schynethe fully gloriously and 
nobely. 

Also in Egypt ben gardyns, that han trees and herbes, the 
whiche beren frutes 7 tymes in the yeer. And in that lond 
men fynden many fayre emeraudes and ynowe. And there- 20 
fore thei ben there grettere cheep. Also w^han it reynethe 
ones in the somer, in the lond of Egipt, thanne is alle the 
contree fulle of grete myrs. Aso at Cayre, that I spak of 
before, sellen men comounly bothe men and wommen of other 
lawe, as w^e don here bestes in the markat. And there is a 25 
comoun hows in that cytee, that is alle fulle of smale furneys ; 

9. Not mecheles more. Not much larger. Mecheles is for mocheles, 
from the A. S adverbial greuitive micles. 

13. Blew, as ynde. We find in the Cursor Mundi : "The tother hew 
next ro fynde Is al hleiv, men callen ynde.''^ O. Fr. inde, from Indus. 

U. The taylle ... in travers. The construction here is doubtful, 
but the meaning seems to be simply that the tail is marked crosswise with 
yellow and red. The Latin text reids: "habens alas purpureas, caudam 
duobus color ibus per transiiersum croceo & rubeo regulafcim.'" The word 
castynge seems to represent the L. regulatam, in the sense of marking, 
lining, or perhaps disposing in divisions, as in Hanipole (Pricke of Con- 
science, 432): "Alle man's lyfe casten may be ... in this partes thre." 
Per transversum is equivalent to in transversum, Fr. en travers, whence in 
travers, crosswise. IMatzner suggests that the adverb again may be ex- 
plained by the fact that the two colors have already been given to other 
parts of the bird's body. 

21. Thei hen there g:rettere cheep. They are cheaper there. Man- 
deville has also " better cheep." 



28 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

and thidre bryiigen wommen of the touii here eyreii of 
hennes, of gees and of dokes, for to ben put into tho furneyses. 
And thei that kepen that hows coveren hem ^vith liete of hors 
dong, withouten henne, goos or doke or ony other foul ; and 

5 at the ende of 3 wekes or of a monethe, thei comen a^en and 
taken here chickenes and norissche hem and bryngen hem 
forthe, so that alle the contree is f ulle of hem. And so men 
don there bothe wyntre and somer. 

Also in that contree, and in othere also, men fynden longe 

lo apples to selle, in hire cesoun : and men clepen hem apples of 
paradys, and thei ben righte swete and of gode savour. And 
thoghe y^Q kutte hem in never so many gobettes or parties, 
overthwart or endlonges, everemore ^ee schulle fynden in the 
myddes the figure of the holy cros of oure Lord lesu. But 

15 thei wil roten within 8 days, and for that cause men may not 
carye of the apples to no fer contrees. And thei han grete 
leves, of a fote and a half of lengthe, and thei ben covenably 

I large. And men fynden there also the appulle tree of Adam, 
that han a byte at on of the sydes. And there ben also fyge 

20 trees, that beren no leves, but fyges upon the smale braunches: 
and men clepen hem figes of Pharoon. Also besyde Cayre, 
withouten that cytee, is the feld where bawme growethe. 
And it comethe out on smale trees, that ben non hyere than a 
mannes breek girdille; and thei semen as wode that is of the 

25 wylde vyne. And in that feld ben 7 welles, that oure Lord 

6. Bryngen liem forthe. Bring: up. brin^ to maturitj^. 

10. Apples of paradys. The plantain (Musa paradisiaca), which to the 
mediaeval mind was the tree of knowledge in the garden of Eden. The 
legendary fancies mentioned by Mandeville were also sometimes associated 
with the Unie. 

13. Overthwart or e2idlong:es. Crosswise or lengthwise. 

19. That han a hyte, etc. That is, each apple has a bite in one side. 
The plantain is called by the Italians '• Adam's apple." 

21. Figes of Pharoon. Fi^s of Pharaoh; th-' sycamore fig. The wood 
of this tree was used by the Egyptians for ilieir mummy-cases. 

22. Where bawme growethe. According to the tradition recorded by 
Josephus (Ant. YIII. (5), ihe balm or balsam tree (Biblical balm of Gilead) 
was presented to Solomon by the Queen of Sheba, and thence was carried to 
Egypt by Cleopatra and cultivated in a special garden with great care. See 
Piiny, Nat. History, XII. 54; Tacitus, His. V. 6. 

23. That ben non hyere. That are not higher. For this use of non 
(none), see Malzner's Gr. II. 1, p. 129. Breek girdille. Breech girdle; O. 
Eng. breek, breeches, A. S. pi. brec. 

25. Welles. See the apocryphal " Gospel of the Infancy." In chap. viii. 
it is recorded that " in IMatatea the Lord Jesus caused a well to spring 
forth, iu which St. Mary washed his coat," etc. 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 29 

lesu Crist made with on of his feet, whan he wente to pleyen 
with other children. That feld is not so well closed, but that 
men may entren at here owne list. But in that cesoune, that 
the bawme is growynge, men put thereto gode kepynge, that 
no man dar ben hardy to entre. This bawme growethe in no s 
place, but only there. And thoughe that men bryngen of the 
plauntes, for to planten in other contrees, thei growen wel 
and fayre, but thei bryngen forthe no fructuous thing. And 
the leves of bawme ne fallen noughte. And men kutten the 
braunches with a scharp flyntston or with a scharp bon, lo 
whanne men wil go to kutte hem; for who so kutte hem with 
iren, it wolde destroye his vertue and his nature. And the 
Sarazines clepen the wode enonch balse; and the fruyt, the 
whiche is as quybybes, thei clepen abebissam; and the lycour, 
that droppethe fro the braunches, thei clepen guybalse. And ^5 
men maken alle weys that bawme to ben tjied of the cristene 
men, or elles it wolde non fructifye, as the Sarazines seyn 
hemself ; for it hathe ben often tyme preved. Men seyn also, 
that the bawme growethe in Ynde the more, in that dester 
wliere the trees of the sonne and of the mone spak to Ali- 20 
saundre; but I have not seen it, for I have not ben so fer 
aboven upward, because that there ben to many perilouse 
passages. And wyte 2/ee wel, that a man oughte to take gode 
kepe for to bye bawme, but ^if he cone knowe it righte wel; 
for he may righte lyghtely be disceyved. For men sellen a ^5 
gome, that men clepen turbentyne, in stede of bawme; and 
thei putten thereto a littille bawme for to ^even gode odour. 
And sume putten wax in oyle of the wode and of the fruyt of 



9. Men kutten, etc. Pliny says: "Incisions are made in it either with 
grlass, or else a sharp stone, or knives -made of bone, it bein^ highly injuri- 
ous to touch the vital parts with iron, for in such case it will inmiediately 
wither away and die."" — Nat. His. XII. 54. 

14. Quybybes. Cubebs; Arab, kubabah. 

20. Trevisa says of these trees : " In Ynde beeth trees that beeth icieped 
the trees of the sonne and of the mone; preostes that ete of the apples of 
th like trees lyued fyue hondr^d yere. They were icieped the trees of the 
sonne for euerich of hem quaked and schoke as sone as the sonne beem 
touched his cop, and answered men that stood aboute. The same doynge was 
of the trees of [the] mone. By these trees the grete Alexander was forbode 
that he schulde neuere come in Babylon." The story is from Pseudo-CaUis- 
thcnts (III. IT}. 



30 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

bawme, and seyn that it is bawme; and snrae dest y lien cl owes 
of gylofre and of spykenard of Spayne and of othere spices, 
that ben well smelly nge; and the lykour that gothe out thereof, 
thei clepe it bawme; and thei wenen, that thei han bawme, and 
5 thei have non. For the Sarazines countrefeten it be sotyltee 
of craft, for to disceyven tbe'cristene men, as I have seen fulle 
many a tyrae; and aftre hem, the marchanntis and the apote- 
caries countrefeten it eftsones, and than it islasse worthe, and 
a gret del worse. But ^if it lyke ?/ou, I schalle schewe, how 

lo 2^ee schullc knowe and preve, to the ende that yee schulle not 
ben disceyved. First, ?/ee schulle wel knowe, that the natu- 
relle bawme is fulle cleer, and of cytrine colour, and stronge 
smellynge; and .g'if it be thykke or reed or blak, it is sophisti- 
cate, that is to seyne, contrefeted and made lyke it, for dis- 

15 ceyt. And undrestondethe, that git yee wil putte a litylle 
bawme in the pawme of ?/oure bond, a^/en the sonne, ^if it 
be fyn and gode, yee ne schulle not suffre yoiive hand a^enst 
the hete of the sonne. Also takethe a lytille bawme, with the 
poynt of a knif, and touch e it to the fuyr, and git it brenne, 

20 it is a gode signe. Aftre, take also a drope of bawme, and put 
it into a dissche or in a cuppe with mylk of a goot; and ^if it 
be naturelle bawme, anon it wole take and beclippe the mylk. 
Or put a drope of bawme in clere watre, in a cuppe of sylver 
or in a clere bacyn, and stere it wel with the clere watre; and 

25 ^'if that the bawme be fyn and of his owne kynde, the watre 
schalle nevere trouble; and ^if the bawme be sophisticate, 
that is to seyne, countrefeted, the watre schalle become anon 
trouble. And also, ^if the bawme be fyn, it schahe falle to 
the botme of the vesselle, as thoughe it were quyksylver; for 

30 the fyn bawme is more hevy twyes, than is the bawme that is 
sophisticate and countrefeted. -jSTow T have spoken of bawme. 



2. Clowes of gylofre. Cloves. The O. En^. clone is for the earlier 
cloice gilofre (clove-gillyflower); O. Fr. clou de girofle. Cf. clove-pink, or 
gillyflower. Mandeville says elsewhere: "In that contree growen many 
trees that beren clowe-gilofres and notemiigs." 

22. Take and beclippe. The French (se) prendre and cailler, thicken 
and curdle. A. S. beclyppan, to embrace. These tests are from Pliny. 

^5. Of his owne kynde. Of its own nature. Jlis \s tbe n^u. gen. of tUe 
A, ^. pronoun he, heo, hit^ 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 31 

and now also I schalle speke of another thing, that is beyonde 
Babyloyne, above the flode of Nyle, toward the desert, be- 
twene Affrik and Egypt: that is to seyn, of the gerneres of 
Joseph, that he leet make, for to kepe the greynes for the 
perile of the dere yeres. And thei ben made of ston, fulle s 
wel made of masonnes craft; of the whiche two ben merveyl- 
ouse grete and hye, and the tothere ne ben not so grete. 
And every gerner hathe a ^ate, for to entre withinne, a lytille 
hyghe fro the erthe. For the lond is wasted and fallen, sithe 
the gerneres were made. And withinne thei ben alle fulle of lo 
serpentes. And aboven the gerneres withouten ben many 
scriptures of dyverse langages. And sum men seyn, that thei 
ben sepultures of grete lordes, that weren somtyme; but that 
is not trewe, for alle the comoun rymour and speche is of alle 
the peple there, bothe fer and nere, that thei ben thegarneres 15 
of Joseph. And so fynden thei in here scriptures and in here 
cronycles. On that other partie, git thei werein sepultures, 
thei scholden not ben voyd withinne. For yee may well 
knowe, that tombes and sepultures ne ben not made of suche 
gretnesse, ne of suche highnesse. Wh erf ore it is not to beleve, 20 
that thei ben tombes or sepultures. In Egypt also there ben 
dyverse langages and dyverse lettres, and of other manere 
condicioun, than there ben in other parties. As I schalle de- 
vyse ?/ou, suche as thei ben, and the names how thei clepen 
hem, to suche entent, that yee mowe knowe the difference of 25 
hem and of othere: Athoimis, Bunchi, Chinok, Durain, Eni, 
Fin, Gomor, Heket, Janny, Karacta, Luzanim, Miche, Naryn, 
Oldache, Pilon, Quyn, Yron, Sichen, Thola, Urmron, Yph and 
Zarm, Thoit. 
Now will I retourne a^en, or I procede ony ferthere, for to 30 



3. Gerneres of Joseph. The pyramids. 
5. Dere yeres. Years of famine. See Genesis xli. 
17. Oh that other partie. On the other hand, 

22. Other manere condicioun. Other goes with ^/i07i following. *0f. 
Hampole's "one this manere wyse." Of was frequently omitted after 
manere, as in Chaucer, Prol. 71, '• unto no maner wight," and in Piers Plow- 
man, V. 25. "with somme manere crafte." See Matzner's Gr. 11. 2, p. 309. 

26. Athoimis, etc. Halliwell says that "in many MSS. the characters 
of the Egyptian letters are given, though generally somewhat rudely," 



33 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVATLE 

declare you the othere weyes, that drawen toward Babiloyne, 
where the soudan himself duellethe, that is at the entree of 
Egypt; for als moche as many folk gon thidre first, and aftre 
that to the mount Synay, and aftre retournen to Jerusalem, 
5 as I have seyd yon here beforn. For thei fulfillen first the 
more longe pilgrymage, and aftre retournen e^gen be the nexte 
weyes, because that the more nye weye is the more worthi, 
and that is Jerusalem. For no other pylgrymage is not lyk, 
in comparisoun to it. But for to fullefiUe here pilgrymages 

lo more esily and more sykerly, men gon first the longer weye. 
But whoso wil go to Babyloyne be another weye, more schort 
from the contrees of the west, that I have reherced before, 
or from other contrees next fro hem, than men gon by 
Fraunce, be Burgoyne and be Lombardye. It nedethe not to 

15 telle you the names of the cytees, ne of the townes that ben 
in that weye; for the weye is comoun, and it is knowen of 
many naciouns. And there ben many havenes, that men 
taken the see. Sume men taken the see at Gene, some at 
Yenyce, and passen by the See Adryatyk, that is clept the 

20 goulf of Yenyse, that departethe Ytaylle and Greece on that 
syde. And some gon to Naples, some to Rome, and from 
Rome to Brandys, and there thei taken the see, and in many 
othere places, where that havenes ben. And men gon be 
Tussye, be Champayne, be Calabre, be Appuille, and be the 

25 hilles of Ytaylle, Cliorisqe, be Sardyne, and be Cycile, that is 
a gret ile and a gode. In that ile of Cycile there ys a maner 



8. No . . . not. Of the permanence of this doubhng of neg:atives in 
Germanic languages, see Matzner's Gr. I[. 2. p. 132. Mandeville has fre- 
quently such forms as " non other C3'tee is not lyche in comparisoun," *' the 
iSaraziiies ne tylen not no vynes," " no gode man sholde not duellen in that 
contree," "that none of hem ne schalle not here speke no contrarious 
thing." 

14. 15urgoyne. Burgundy; Fr. Bourqogne. 

17. That men taken, etc. For xchere that, etc., as in 1. 23, tvhere that 
havenes ben. 

18^ Gene. Genoa; Fr. Genes. 

22. Brandys Brindisi; L. Brundnsinm. 

24. Tussye'. Tuscia (Tuscany). Champayne, Campania. Calabre, 
Calabria. Appuille, Apulia. Chorisqe, Corsica. Sardyne, Sardinia. 

26. A maner of a gardyn. The author had in mind, possibly, the 
fields of Enna, celebrated for their beauty and fruitfulness, whence Proser- 
pine was carried off by Pluto while gathering flowers. Ovid, Met. V. 385. 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDKVILLE. 33 

of a gardyn, in the whiche ben many dyverse frutes. And 
the gardyn is alweys grene and florisshing, alle the cesouns 
of the ?/eer, als wel in wyntre as in somer. That ile holt in 
eompas aboute 350 frensche myles. And betwene Cycele and 
Itaylle there is not but a lytille arm of the see, that men clepen 5 
the farde of Mescyne. And Cycile is betwene the see Adryatyk 
and the see of Lombard ye. And fro Cyeyle into Calabre is but 
8 myles of Lombardye. And in Cycile there is a manere of 
serpcntes, be the whiche men assayen and preven, where here 
children ben bastardis or none, or of lawefulle mariage. For 10 
^if thei ben born in righte mariage, the serpentes gon aboute 
hem, and don hem non harm ; and ^if thei ben born in avow- 
trie, the serpentes byten hem and envenyme hem. And thus 
manye wedded men preve, ^if the children ben here owne. 
Also in that ile is the mount Ethna, that men clepen mount 15 
Gy belle, and the wlcancs, that ben evereraore brennynge. 
And there ben 7 places, that brennen and that casten out dy- 
verse flawmes and dyverse colour. And be the chaungynge 
of tho flawmes, men of that contree knowen, whanne it schalle 
be derthe or gode tyme, or cold or hoot, or moyst or drye, or 20 
in alle othere maneres, how the tyme schalle be governed. 
And from Itaille unto the wlcanes nys but 25 myle. And men 
seyn, that the wlcanes ben weyes of helle. 

Also whoso gothe be Pyse, git that men list to go that weye, 
there is an arm of the see, where that men gon to othere 25 
havenes in tho marches. And than men passen be the ile of 
Greaf, that is at Gene ; and aftre arryvethe men in Grece at 
the havene of the cytee of Myrok, or at the havene of Yalone, 

6. Farde of Mescyne. Strait of Messina. Fr. phare (O. Fr. fare) de 
Mf'ssine: It. faro di Messina: L. /re htm Siculum. 

15. Mount Gybelle. It. Monte Gibello, fivm the Arabic, meaning high 
mountain. 

16. Cf. Trevisa's description: "The lond of Sicilia is holow and ful of 
dennes. and hathe nioche brvmstone and glewe. so that the eier and feire 
hath wey inow thereto, and fiiyre iclosed in the dennesand cheneswithynne 
the erthe stryuetli with the aver and with other rhinges that beeth contrarye 
to the fayre. and maketh ofte and in many places breke out a smoke and 
brennynge leie." 

26. lie of Greaf. It is impossible to locate this *'ile."" So also the 
" cytee of Myrok ;" it may be for Ericho, the ancient Oricum. 

2S. Valone. Valona, Avlona, or Anion, on the strait of Otranto. Duras 
is Durazzo, the a-Qcient Epidamuus, called b^ the Romans Dyrrhuchimn, 



'34: THE YOIAGf; AJSD TRAVAILE 

or at the cytee of Duras, and there is a duk at Duras, or at 
othere havenes in tho marces ; and so men gon to Constanty- 
noble. And aftre gon men be watre to the ile of Crete and to 
the ile of Kodes, and so to Cypre, and so to Athens, and fro 
5 thens to Costantynoble. 

To holde the more righte weye be see, it is wel a 1880 myle 
of Lombardye. And aftre fro Cipre men gon be see, and 
leven Jerusalem and alle the contree on the left bond, unto 
Egypt, and arryven at the cytee of Damyete, that was wont 

lo to be fulle strong, and it sytt at the entree of Egypt. And fro 
Damyete gon men to the cytee of Alizandre, that sytt also 
upon the see. In that cytee was seynte Kateryne beheded, 
and there was seynt Mark the evangelist martyred and buryed ; 
but the emperour Leoiin made his bones to ben broughte to 

15 Yenyse. And yit there is at Alizandre a faire chirche, alle 
white withouten peynture, and so ben alle the othere chirches, 
that wercn of the cristene men, alle white withinne. For the 
panemes and the Sarrazynes maden hem white, for to fordon 
the ymages of seyntes, that weren peynted on the walles, 

2D That cytee of Alizandre is wel 30 furlonges in lengthe, but it 
is but 10 on largenesse ; and it is a fulle noble cytee and a 
fayr. At that cytee entrethe the ryvere of Nyle into the see, 
as I to yon have seyd before. In that ryvere men fynden 
many precyouse stones, and meche also of lignum aloes : and 



12. Seynte Kateryne. According^ to the legend, St. Catharine was a 
wise and beautiful maiden, martyred by the Emperor Maximin. She con- 
verted the philosophers with whom she held a disputation by. order of the 
emperor; also the empress, the emperor's chief general, two hundied sol- 
diers, and many otliers. She was placed on a torturing wheel (hence 
Catharine-wheel), but her bonds v ere miraculously broken: immediately, 
however, she was beheaded and her remains carried by angels to Mt. Sinai, 
where the Emperor Justinian I. built a monastery in her honor. The old 
painters represent her with crown, book, wheel, ere. See Butler's " Lives 
of the Saints.'' 

13. Seynt Mark. It was believed that St. Mark suffered martyrdom at 
Alexandria, whence the Venetians, by a pious stratagem, obtained his 
remains and conveyed them to Venice, 827, a.d. The city was then sol- 
emnly placed imder his protection, and the lion, which mediaeval theology 
had selected from the apocalyptic beasts as his emblem, became the stand- 
ard of the republic. 

21. On largenesse. In breadth. See 1. 26-p. 35. 

24. Lignum aloes. Aloes-wood, agallochum ; O. Fr. ligne aloea ; L. 
lignum, wood, and aloes, gen. of aloe, aloes. It is a fragrant wood (the 
aloes or lign-aloes of the Scriptures), much used by the Orientals as incense. 



OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEYILLE. 3o 

it is a manere of wode, that comethe out of Paradys terrestre, 
the whiche is good for manye dyverse medicynes, and it is 
righte dereworthe. And fro Alizandre men gon to Baby- 
loyne, where the soudan dwellethe ; that sytt also upon the 
ryvere of Nyle. And this weye is most schort, for to go 5 
streyghte unto Babiloyne. 

Now schall I seye yon also the weye, that gothe fro Babi- 
loyne to the mount of Synay, where seynte Kateryne lythe. 
He moste passe be the desertes of Arabye, be the whiche 
desertes Moyses ladde the peple of Israel ; and thanne passe 10 
men be the welle, th^t Moyses made with his bond in the 
desertes, whan the people grucched, for thei fownden no 
thing to drynke. And than passe men be the welle of 
Marache, of the whiche the watre was first byttre ; but the 
children of Israel putten thereinne a tree, and anon the 15 
watre was swete and gode for to drynke. And thanne gon 
men be desart unto the vale of Elyn, in the whiche vale be 
12 welles ; and there ben 72 trees of palme, that beren the 
dates, the whiche Moyses fond with the children of Israel. 
And fro that valeye is but a gode journeye to the mount of 20 
Synay. 

And whoso wil go be another weye fro Babiloyne, than men 
gothe be the Rede See, that is an arm of the see Occean. 
And there passed Moyses, with the children of Israel, over- 
thwart the see, alle drye, whan Pharao the kyng of Egypt 25 
chaced hem. And that see is wel a 6 myle of largenesse in 
bredthe. And in that see was Pharao drowned and alle his 
boost, that he ladde. That see is not more reed than another 



11. The welle that Moyses made. See Exodus xvii. 2-7. 

14. Marache. Marah. See Exodus xv. 23-25. 

17. Vale of Elyn. Elim. Exodus xv. 27. 

23. Cf. Trevisa's explanation. " The Rede See is nought rede of kynde, 
but aflascheth and wascheth oon rede clyues and stones, and so is idied rede 
as a rose." See Pliny, Nat. His. VI. 23; Smith's Die. of Greek and Roman 
Geography. 

28. The see Occean. The ancients conceived Oceanus to be a mighty 
stream encircling the earth, in which all other streams had their source. 
Herodotus ridiculed the notion, and called the waters beyond the Pillars of 
Hercules the "Sea of Atlas" (hence Atlantic). The word came to be ap- 
plied (as in the text) to any outer body of water, as opposed to the inland 
geas, particularly the Mediterranean, 



36 THE YOIAGE AND TRAV^AILE 

see ; but in some place thereof is the gravelle reede : and 
therfore men clepen it the Rede See. That see rennethe to 
the endes of Arabye and of Palestyne. That see lastethe 
more than 4 journeyes. And then gon men be desert unto 
5 the vale of Elyn, and fro thens to the mount of Synay. And 
?/ee may wel undirstonde, that be this desert no man may go 
on hors back, because that there n\'s nouther mete for hors 
ne watre to drynke. And for that cause men passen that 
desert with camelle. For the camaylle fynt alle wey mete in 

lo trees and on busshes, that he fedethe him with. And he 
may well faste fro drynk 2 dayes or 3, and that may non hors 
don. 

And wyte wel, that from Babiloyne to the mount Synay is 
wel a 12 gode journeyes, and some men maken hem more ; 

15 and some men hasten hem and peynen hem, and therefore 
thei maken hem lesse. And alle weys fynden men latyneres 
to go with hem in the contrees, and ferthere be^onde, into 
tyme that men conne the langage. And it behovethe men 
to bere vitaille with hem, that schalle duren hem in tho 

20 desert es, and other necessaries for to lyve by. 

And the mount of Synay is clept the desert of Syne, that is 
for to seyne, the bussche brennynge, because there Moyses 
sawghe oure Lord God many tymes, in forme of fuyr bren- 
nynge upon that hille, and also in a bussche brennynge, and 

25 spak to him. And that was at the foot of the hille. There is 
an abbeye of monkes, wel bylded and wel closed with ^ates of 
iren, for drede of the wyld bestes. And the monkes ben 
Arrabyenes, or men of Greece ; and there is a gret covent ; 
and alle thei ben as heremytes, and thei drynken no wyn, but 

^ogif. it be on principalle testes; and thei ben fulle devoute 
men, and lyven porely and sympely, with joutes and with 
dates, and thei don gret abstynence and penaunce. There is 
the chirche of seynte Kateryne, in the whiche ben manye 

17. Into tyme that, etc. Until (unto the time that) men know the 
languag:e. 

21. There is a co'ifusion here; the desert of Sin is between EJim and 
Sinai (Exodus xvi. 1), but the immediate region of Sinai is calied a desert 
£ind a wmern^$s (Num. xxxiii. 15, 16). 



OP SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 37 

lampes brennj^nge. For tliei ban of oyle of olyves ynow, 
botbe for to brerine in bere lampes, and to ete also, and tbat 
plentee bave thei be tbe myracle of God. For the ravenes 
and tbe crowes and tbe cbougbes, and otber foiiles of tbe 
contree assemblen bem tbere every yi^er ones, and fleen tbider^ 
as in pilgrymage, and everyche of hem bringethe a brauncbe 
of tbe bayes or of olyve, in bere bekes, in stede of offryng, 
and leven bem tbere ; of tbe wbicbe tbe monkes maken gret 
plentee of oyle, and this is a gret marvaylle. And sitbe that 
foules, tbat ban no kyndely wytt ne resoun, gon thidre to lo 
seche tbat gloriouse virgyne, wel more ougliten men than to 
seche hire and to worschipen hire. Also bebynde the awtier 
of tbat cbircbe is tbe place where Moyses sangbe oure Lord 
God in a brennynge busscbe. And whanne tbe monkes entren 
into that place, thei don of botbe hosen and schoon or botes ^5 
alweys, because tbat oure Lord seyde to Moyses, Bo of thin 
hosen and thi schon ; for the place that thou stondest on is 
lond holy and blessed. And the monkes clepen tbat place 
Bezeleel, tbat is to seyne, the schadew of God. And besyde 
the bighe awtiere, 3 degrees of beighte, is the fertre of ala- 20 
bastre, where tbe bones of seynte Kateryne ly^n. And tbe 
prelate of the monkes schewethe the relykes to the pilgrymes, 
and with an instrument of sylver, be frotethe the bones ; and 
thanne ther gothe out a lytylle oyle, as thougbe it were a 
maner swetynge, tbat is noutber lyche to oyle ne to bawme, 25 
but it is fulle swete of smelle. And of that thei gcven a 
litylle to the pilgrymes, for ther gothe out but litylle quantitee 
of the likour. And aftre that, thei schewen the heed of 
seynte Kateryne, and the clothe tbat sche was wrapped inne, 
that is y\i alle blody. And in tbat same clothe so ywrapped, 30 
the aungeles beren hire body to the mount Synay, and there 
thei buryed hire with it. And thanne thei schewen the 
busscbe, that brenned and wasted nought, in the wbicbe oure 



19. Bezeleel. Bezaleel, froin the Hebrew, meaning in the shadow of 
God. See Exodus xxxi. *J. 

22. Prelate. That is, the superior, or abbot. L. prcelatiis, preferred, 
advanced before others. 



38 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

Lord spak to Moyses, and othere relikes ynowe. Also whan 
the prelate of the abbeye is ded, I have undirstonden be in- 
formacioun, that his lampe quenchethe. And whan thei 
chesen another prelate, ^if he be a gode man and w^orthi to 

5 be prelate, his lampe schal lighte, with the grace of God, 
withouten touchinge of ony man. For everyche of hem hathe 
a lampe be himself. And be here lampes thei knowen wel 
whan ony of hem schalle dye. For wiian ony schalle dye, the 
lyghte begynnethe to chaunge and to wexe dym. And ^if he 

lobe chosen to ben prelate, and is not w^orthi, is lampe quench- , 
ethe anon. And other men han told me, that he that 
syngethe the masse for the prelate that is ded, be schalle 
fynde upon the awtier the name w^riten of him that schalle be 
prelate chosen. And so upon a day I asked of the monkes, 

IS bothe on and other, how this befelle. But thei wolde not 
telle me nothing, into the tyme that I seyde, that thei scholde 
not hyde the grace, that God did hem, but that thei scholde 
publissche it, to make the peple to have the more devocioun ; 
and that thei diden synne, to hide Goddis myracle, as me 

20 seemed. For the myracles, that God hatlie don, and yit 
dothe every day, ben the wytnesse of his myghte and of his 
merveylles ; as David seythe in the psaultere, MirahiUa testi- 
monia tua domine ; that is to seyn, Loi'd, tlii merveyles hen 
till wytnesse. And thanne thei tolde me, bothe on and other, 

25 how it befelle fulle many a tyme ; but more I mj^ghte . not 
have of hem. In that abbeye ne enterethe not no flye ne 
todes ne ewtes, ne suche foule veny mouse bestes, ne lyi/s ne 
flees, be the myracle of God and of oure Lady. For there 
w^re wont to ben many suche manere of filthes, that the 

30 monkes wherein in wille to leve the place and the abbeye, and 
weren gon fro thens, upon the mount ay ne aboven, for to 
eschewe that place ; and oure Lady cam to hem, and bad hem 



10. Is. His. So in Robert of Gloucester, " is dede vor to amende." 
16. Into the tyme that, etc. Until I said that they ought not to hide 
the grace that God had given them. etc. 
19. As me seemed. As it seemed to me. 
22. Mirabilia testimonia, etc. Psalms cxix. 129. 



OF SIR JOHK^ MAtrNDEVILLE. 30 

tournen a^en. And fro this forewardes nevere entred suche 
filthe ill that place amonges hem, ne nevere schalle entre 
here aftre. Also before the ^ate is the welle, where Moyses 
smot the ston, of the whiche the watre cam out plenteously. 

Fro that abbeye men gon up the mountayne of Moyses, be s 
many degrees, and there men fynden first a chirche of oure 
Lady, where that sche mette the monkes, whan thei fledden 
awey for the vermyn aboveseyd. And more highe npon that 
mountayne is the chapelle of Helye the prophete. And that 
place thei clepen Oreb, whereof holy writt spekethe, Et amhu- '° 
lavit in fortitudine cibi illms, usque ad montem Oreb ; that is 
to seyne, And lie wente in strengthe of that mete, unto the 
Mile of God, Oreb. And there nyghe is the vyne that seynt 
Johne the evaungelist planted, that men clepen reisins, sta- 
phis. And a lytille aboven is the chapelle of Moyses, and the 15 
roche where Moyses fleyhe to, for drede, whan he saughe oure 
Lord face to face. And in that roche is prented the forme of 
his body ; for he smot so strongly and so harde himself in that 
roche, that alle his body was dolven withinne, thorghe th& 
myracle of God. And there besyde is the place where oure -^o 
Lord toke to Moyses the 10 comandementes of the lawe. And 
there is the cave undre the roche, where Moyses duelte, whan 
he fasted 40 dayes and 40 nyghtes. And from that moun- 
tayne men passen a gret valeye, for to gon to another moun- 
tayne, where seynt Kateryne was buryed of the aungelesofa^ 
oure Lord. And in that valey is a chirche of 40 martyres, 
and there singen the monkes of the abbeye often tyme. And 
that valey is right cold. And aftre men gon up the moun- 
tayne of seynt Kateryne ; that is more highe then the mount 
of Moyses. And there, where seynt Kateryne was buryed, is 30 
nouther chirche ne chapelle, ne other duellynge place, but 
there is an heep of stones aboute the place, where the body of 



1. Fro this forewardes. From this forward, henceforth. 

10. "Whereof holy writt spekethe. 1 Kings xix. 8. 

1.3. The vyne. The vineyard; O. 1^'r. viqiie, L. vinea. So elsewhere: 
" There ben fayre vtjiies aboute the cytee." Keisins, staphis. Both words 
mean raisins, the one from L. rocemus, the other, the Gr. o-rac^i?. Tlie 
words are evidently intended to describe the chief pi-oduct of the vineyard. 



40 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE. 

hire was put of the angles. There was wont to ben a ehapelle, 
but it was casten dovvne, and y\t lyggen the stones there. 

. And alle be it that the collect of seynt Kateryne seye, that it 
is the place where oure Lord betaughten the ten comande- 

smentes to Moyses, and there where the blessed virgyne seynte 
Kateryne was buryed, that is to undrestonde, in o contree, or 
in o place berynge o name ; for bothe that on and that othre 
is clept the mount of Synay. But there is a gret weye from 
that on to that othre, and a gret deep valeye betwene hem. 



6. That is to undrestonde. This is to be construed with the preceding 
alle be it that, etc. 



THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 



1. 1. In the bygynnynge was the worde, that is, Goddis 
sone, and the worde was at God, and God was the worde. 

2. This was in the bigynnynge at God. 

3. Alle thingis ben made by hym, and withouten hym is 
made woxxght, that thing that is made. 

4. In hym was lijf, and the lijf was the Wghie of men. 

5. And the WglitQ schyneth in dirkenessis, and dirkenessis 
comprehenden, or taken, not it. 

6. A man was sente fro God, to whom the name was loon. 

7. This man came into witnessynge, that he schulde here 
witnessynge of the WgM, that alle men schulde bileue by hym. 

8. He was not the \\glii, bnt that he schulde here witness- 
ynge of the \\glii. 

9. It was verrey Wghi^ the whiche li^/^teneth eche man com- 
ynge into this worlde. 

10. He was in the worlde, and the worlde was made by hym, 
and the worlde knewe hym not. 

11. He came into his owne thingis, and his receyueden hym 
not. 

12. Forsothe how manye euer receyueden hym, he ^aue to 
hem power for to be made the sones of God, to hem that bi- 
leueden in his name; 

13. The whiche not of bloodis, nether of wille of fleysche, 
nether of wille of man, but ben borne of God. 



5. Dirkenessis. For the L. plur. tenebrce of the Vulgate. 

11. Into his owne thingis. For the L. in propria of the Vulgate. 

12. How manye euer. Vulgate quotquot. Tyndale's translation has 
'as many as.'' _ , , , , ^^, i ,» 

13 Of bloodis. Yulg. ex sanguinibus. Tyndale has '"of bloude. 

41 



42 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 

14. And the worde, that is Goddis sone, is made fleysche, 
or man^ and liatli dwellide in vs, and we hane seen the glorie 
of hym, the glorie as of the one b goten of the fadir, the soiie 
ful of grace and treuthe. 

15. Jon berith wiinessynge of hym, and crieth, seyinge, 
This it was of whom I seyde, He that is to come aftir me, is 
made bifore me, for he was the former than I; 

16. And of the plenty of hym we alle hane taken, and grace 
for grace. 

17. For the lawe is ^ouen by Moyses, forsothe grace and 
treuthe is made by Ihesu Crist. 

18. Xo man euer ^\ghQ God, no but the one bigoten sone, 
that is in the bosum of the fadir, he hath tolde oute. 

19. And this is the witnessynge of Joon whanne Jewis 
senten fro lerusalem prist is and dekenes to hym, that thei 
schulden axe hym, Who art thou ? 

20. And he knowelechide and denyede not, and he knowel- 
echide, For I am not Crist. 

21. And thei axiden hym, What therfore ? art thou Helie ? 
And he seyde, I am not. Art thou a prophete? And he 
answeride, Xay. 

22. Therfore thei seyden to hym. Who art thou? that we 
^yue answere to thes that senten vs. What seist thou of thi- 
self ? 

28. He seith, I am a voyce of a vian cryinge in deserte, 
Dresse ?/ee the weye of the Lorde, as Ysaie the prophete seyde. 

24. And thei that weren sente, weren of the Pharisees. 

25. And thei axiden hym, and seyden to hym, What ther- 
fore baptisist thou, ^if thou art not Crist, nether Helie, nether 
a prophete ? 



15. The former than I. This translates the Vulg. prior me. 

18. Tolde oute. Vulg. enarravit. The Revised Version has "declared 

20. For I am. Wyclifife uses the particle for to represent the Latin con- 
nectives quia, qnoniam, quod, in both causal and substantive constructions. 
Thus it often occiu-s in direct discourse, as here, for the Vulgate quia. So 
in 3'3 below. 

23. I am a Yoyce, etc. Vulg. Ego vox clamant is. 






THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 43 

26. Joon aiisweride to hem, seyinge, I baptise in water, 
sothely the myclil man of yovi stood, whom ?/ee knevveii not ; 

27. He it is, that aftir me is to come, that is made bifore 
me, of whom I am not worthi that I vnbynde the thwonge of 
his schoo. 

28. Thes thingis ben done in Bethanye ouer Jordan, where 
Joon was baptisynge. 

29. Another day Joon si^/ie Ihesu comynge to hym, and he 
seith, Lo ! the lombe of God ; lo ! that doith awey the synnes 
of the worlde. 

30. This is he of whom I seyde, Aftir me cometh a man, 
that is made bifore me, for he was the former than I. 

31. And I knewe hym not, but that he be schewide in Israel, 
therfore I came baptisynge in water. 

32. And Joon bare witnessynge, seyinge. For I si^Tie the 
spirit comynge doune as* a culuer from heuene, and dwellynge 
ypon hym. 

33. And I knewe hym not ; but he that sente me for to 
baptise in water, seyde to me, Vpon whom thou schalt se the 
spirit comynge doune and dwellynge vpon hym, this is it, 
that baptisith in the holy goost. 

34. And I si^/ie, and bare witnessynge, for this is the sone 
of God. 

35. Another day Joon stode, and two of his disciplis ; 

36. And he biholdynge Ihesu walkynge, seith, Lo ! the 
lombe of God. 

37. And two disciplis herden hym spekynge, and folowiden 
Ihesu. 

38. Sothely Ihesus conuertide, or turnyde agen, and seinge 
hem suyinge hym, seith to hem. What seeken ?/ee? The 
whiche seyden to hym, Eaby, that is interpretide, Mayster, 
where dwellest thou ? 



26. The mydil man of you stood. Vulg. medius autem vestrum stetit ; 
Tynd. "oue is come amonge you;" Rev. Ver. *' in the midst of you standeth 
one."" 

38. Conuertide, or turnyde agen. Vulg. conversus ; Rev. Ver. 
''turned." 



44 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 

39. He seith to hem, Come ^/ee, and se ?/ee. Tliei eamen 
and si^/^en where he dwellide, anddwelten at hym in that day. 
Sothely the houre was at the tenthe. 

40. Forsothe Andrew, brother of Symount Petre, was one 
of the two, that herden of Joon, and hadden suede hym. 

41. This fonde firste his brother Symount, and he seith, 
We haue founden Messias, that is interpretide, Crist ; 

42. And he ledde hym to Jhesu. Sothely Ihesus biholdynge 
hym, seyde. Thou art Symount, the sone of Johanna ; thou 
schalt be clepide Cephas, that is interpretide, Petre. 

43. Fforsothe on the morowe he wolde gon oute into Galilee, 
and he fonde Philip ; and Jhesus seith to hym, Sue thou me. 

44. Philip was of Bethsayda, the cytee of Andre we and 
Petre. 

45. Philip fonde Nathanael, and he seith to hym. We haue 
founden Jhesu, the sone of Joseph, of Nazareth, whom Moyses 
wrote in the la we, and prophetis. 

46. And Nathanael seyde to hym, Of Nazareth may sum 
thing of good be ? Philip seith to hym. Come, and se. 

47. And Jhesus sigJie Nathanael comynge to hym, and seith 
to hym, Lo ! verreyley a man of Israel, in whom is no gile. 

48. Nathanael seith to hym, Wherof hast thou knowen me ? 
Jhesus answeride, and seith to hym, Bifore that Philip clepide 
thee, whanne thou were vndre the fyge tree, I sigJie thee. 

49. Nathanael answeride to hym, and seith, Kaby, thou art 
the sone of God, thou art kyng of Israel. 

50. Jhesus answeride, and seyde to hym, Fori seyde to thee, 
I si^7ie thee vndre the fyge tree, thou bileuest ; thou schalt se 
more than thes thingis. 

51. And he seyde to hem, Treuely I seye to ?/ou, yee schulen 
se heuene openyde, and the aungels of God stey^ynge vp and 
comynge doune vpon mannes sone. 

39. At the tenthe. Vulg:. quasi decima. 
^ 40. That herden of- Joon. Vulg. qui audierant a Joanne; Tynd. 
*' whych herde Jhon speake." 

42. Jhesu. The usual spelling of the word when used in objective cases 
after the Latin. 

45. Whom . . . wrote. Vulg. quern scripsit ; Tynd. " off whom " 

46. Sum thing of good. Vulg. aliquid boni. 

48. Wherof. Vulg. unde ; Tynd., "from whence.' 



THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 45 

n. 1. And the thridde day weddyngis ben made in the 
Chaae or cuntre of Galilee ; and the modir of Jhesu was 
there. 

2. Sothely Jhesns is clepide, and his disciplis, to the 
weddyngis. 

3. And wijn faylynge, the modir of Jhesu seyde to hym, 
Thei haue not wijn. 

4. And Jhesns seith to hire, What to me and to thee, 
w^omman ? myn houre came not y'li, 

5. The modir of hym seith to the mynystres, What euer 
thing he schal seye to ?/ou, do ?/ee. 

6. Forsothe there weren putte sixe stonen pottis, aftir the 
clensing of lewis, takyng eche two or tbre mesures. 

7. Jhesus seith to hem, Fille ?/ee the pottis with water. 
And thei filliden hem vnto the highest parte. 

8. And Jhesus seyde to hem, Draw^ ye^ now and berith to 
architriclyn, that is ^ pry nee ofthehous of thre stagis. And 
thei tooken. 

9. And as architriclyn tastide the w^ater made wijn, and he 
wiste not wherof it was, sothely the mynj^stres wisten, that 
drowen the water, architriclyn clepith the spouse, 

10. And seith to hym, Eche man puttith firste good wijn, 
and whanne men schulen be f ulfilde, than that that is worse ; 
sothely thou hast kepte good w^yn vnto nowe. 

11. Jhesus dide this bigynnynge of signes in the Chane of 
Galilee, and schewide his glorie ; and his disciplis bileueden 
into hym. 



1. In tlie Chane, etc. Another copy has " in the Cane or ioirn of Galilee." 
Tyndale has " in Cana, a citie of Galile." 

6. Mesures. Vul^. metretas : Tynd. " fyrkyns." 

G. Aftir the clensing, etc. Rev. Ver. ' "Rafter the Jews' manner of puri- 
fying.' 

7. Unto the highest parte. Tynd. " up to the harde brym." 

8. Architriclyn. Ruler of the feast In interpreting this word the trans- 
lator evidently confuses the Greek words rpiKAiro?, with three couches 
(Roman triclinium, a dining-room with three couches\ and Tpt'sTeyo?, with 
three stories. In Lydgate"s poems we find : " Lyke the watyr of Archide- 
clyne, Wiche be meracle were turned into wyne." 

9. Sothely the mynystres, etc. But the servants that drew the water 
knew. Sothely stands for the Vulg. autem. 

10. Whanne men schulen, etc. Rev. Ver. "when ynen have drunk 
freely;" Vulg. inebriati f iter int. 



46 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 

12. Aftir thes thingis he came cloune to Capharnaum, and 
his modir, and his bretheren, and his disci])lis ; and thei 
dwehen there not man ye dayes. 

13. And the paske of lewis was nygh, and Jhesus wente vp 
to lerusalem. 

14. And he fonde in the temple men sellynge scheep, and 
oxen, and cuhieris, and money chaungers sittynge. 

15. And whanne he hadde made of smale coordis as a 
scourge, he caste oute alle of the temple, and scheep, and 
oxen ; and he schedde oute money of chaungers, and turnede 
ypsodoune the boordis. 

16. And he seyde to hem that solden culuers, Takith awey 
hens thes thingis, and nyl ^ee make the hous of my fadir an 
hous of marchaundise. 

17. Forsothe his disciplis hadden mynde, for it is writ en, 
thee zeele, or feruonre of loue, of thin hous hath eten me. 

18. Therfore the lewes answeriden, and seyden to hyra, 
What signe, o?- toke7i^ schewist thou to ys, for thou doist thes 
thingis ? 

19. Jhesus answeride, and seyde to hem, Vndo yee this 
temple, and in thre dayes I schal reyse it a^en. 

20. Therfore the lewis seyden, In fourty and sixe yeer this 
temple is bildide, and thou in thre dayes schalt reyse it a^en ? 

21. Forsothe he seyde of the temple of his body, tJiat with- 
oitten comparisoune was more. 

22. Therfore whanne he had risen fro deade men, his dis- 
ciplis hadden mynde, for he seyde this thing ; and thei bileue- 
den to the scripture, and to the worde that Jhesus seyde. 



15. As a scourge. These words come from the Vul?. quasi flaqellum. 
He caste oute alle, etc. He cast all out of the temple, both sheep and 
oxen. Turnede vpsodoune. Yv\^. svbvertit. Piers Plowman says (14030): 
"Antecrist . . . al the crop of Trwihe, Tor m^d it iip-so-doun.'''' Gower has 
(I. 218) : '• The lond was torned up so downed 

17. Hadden mynde, for. Remembered that. Vulg. recordati sunt 
quia. For zeele other texts have simply the equivalent expression fervour 
of love. 

21. That "withouten, etc. The translator's addition. 

22. Fro deade men. Vulg. a mortuis. liileueden to the scripture. 
Vulg. crediderunt scriptures. 



THE GOSPEL OP JOHN. 47 

28. Fforsothe whanne Jhesus was at Jerusalem in paske, in 
the feest day, many bileueden in his name, seinge the signes 
of hym that he dide. 

24. Sothely Jhesus hymself bileefede not hymself to hem, 
for that he knewe alle men ; 

25. And for it ^Yas not neede to hym, that any man schulde 
bere witnessynge of man, sothely he wiste what was in man. 

III. 1. Forsothe ther was a man of the Pharisees, Nychodeme 
by name, a prynce of Jewis. 

2. He came to Jhesu in the i\yg?it, and seyde to hym, Raby, 
we witen, for of God thou hast comen mayster ; sothely no 
man may do thes signes that thou doist, but git God were with 
hym. 

3. Jhesus answeride, and seyde to hym, Treuly, treuly, I 
seye to thee, but ,9'if a man schal be borne a^en, he may not 
se the kyngdom of God. 

4. Nychodeme seyde to hym, How may a man be borne, 
whanne he is olde ? wher he may entre a^en into his modir 
wombe, and be borne a.^'en ? 

5. Jhesus answeride, Treuly, treuly, I seye to thee, but ,9'if 
a man schal be borne a^en of water and the holy gost, he may 
not entre into the kyngdom of God. 

6. That that is borne of fleysche, is fleysche ; and that that 
is borne of the spirit, is spirit. 

7. Wondre thou not, for I seyde to thee. It bihoueth you 
for to be borne a^en. 

8. The spirit bretheth, or quykeneth, where it wole, and 
thou herest his voyce, but thou woste not fro whens he com- 
eth, or whidir it goith ; so is eche man that is borne of the 
spirit. 



24. Bileefede not himself to hem. Vulg. non credehat semetipsum 
eis. Tynd. " putt Dot hym silfe in their hondes." Auth. Yer. " did not com- 
mit himself unto them.'' Rev. Ver. '' did not trust himself unto them." 

2. But gif. If not, except. L. nisi. 

4. His modir wombe. The words mocler, brother, suster, etc., were 
indeclinable in the sing^ular, so we have such g^enitive constructions as " his 
avven modt^r body (Hanipole, 447), ''by my fader soule" (Chaucer, Prol. 
781), " on the moder side'' (Govver, Coiif. Am. I. 352). 

8. The spirit bretheth, etc. A confusion of literal and figurative 
meanings. L. spiritus spirat, the wind bloweth. 



48 THE GOSPEL OP JOHN. 

9. Nychodeme ausweride, and seyde to hym, How mowne 
thes thingis be done ? 

10. Jhesus answeride, and seyde to hyai, Art thou a mays- 
ter in Israel, and knowest not thes thingis ? 

11. Treuely, treuly, I seye to thee, for that that we witen, 
we speken, and that that we haue seen, we witnessen, and ?/ee 
taken not oure witnessyng. 

12. 6^if I haue seyde to yon erthely thingis, and yee bileuen 
not, how% ^if I schal seye to you heuenely thingis, schulen 
yee bileue ? 

13. And no man stey^eth vp into heuene, but he that came 
doune fro heuene, mannes sone that is in heuene. 

14. And as Moyses reride vp a serpent in deserte, so it bi- 
houes mannes sone for to be reyside vp, 

15. That eche man that bileueth into hym, perische not, but 
haue euerlastynge lijf. 

16. Fforsothe God louede so the worlde, that he gaue his 
one bigotten sone, that eche man that bileueth into hym, per- 
ische not, but haue euerlastynge lijf. 

17. Sothely God sente not his sone into the worlde, that he 
iuge the worlde, but that the worlde be sauede by hym. 

18. He that bileueth into hym, is not demyde, or datapnyde ; 
forsothe he that bileueth not, is now demyde, for he bileueth 
not in the name of the one bigotten sone of God. 

19. Sothely this is the doom, for \\gli\e came into the 
worlde, and men louede n more dirkenessis than li^//te ; for- 
sothe here werkis weren euyl. 

20. Sothely eche man that doith euyl, hatith \\gM, and 
cometh not to li^At, that his werke be not reprouyde, or vndir- 
nomen. 

21. Sothely he that doith treuthe, cometh to li^At, that his 
werkis be schewide, for thei ben done in God. 

22. Aftir thes thingis Ihesus came, and his disciplis into 
the lande of Jude, and there he dwellide with hem, and bap- 
tizide. 

14. Keri<le vp, etc. Vulg. ^Icid Moses exaltavit serpentem in deserto, 
itaexaltari oportet filium hominis. 



THE GOSPEL OP JOHN. 49 

23. Sothely Joon was baptisynge in Eiinoii bisidis Salym, 
for manye watris weren there ; and tliei camen, and weren 
baptiside. 

24. Solbely Jon was not y'lt sente into prisoune. 

25. Sothely a question, o?' axinge, is made of Jones disciplis 
with the Jewis, of the puriiicacioun, or clensynge, 

26. And thei camen to Joon, and seyden to hym, Raby or 
mayster^ he that was with thee ouer Jordan, to whom thou 
hast borne witnessynge, lo ! he baptisith, and alle men comen 
to hym. 

27. Jon answeride, and seyde, A man may not take any 
thing, but ^if it be ^ouen to hym from heuene. 

28. Fee ?/oure self beren witnessynge to me, that I seyde, 
I am not Cri&t, but for I am sente bifore hym. 

29. He that hath a spouse, or wijf^ is the spouse, or lious- 
honde; forsothe a frende of the spouse, that stondith and 
herith hym, ioyeth in ioye for the voyce of the spouse. Ther- 
fore in this thing my ioye is fulfilde. 

30. It bihoueth hym for to waxe, forsothe me for to be 
mynuschide, or made lasse. 

31. He that came from aboue, is vpon alle ; he that is of 
the erthe, spekith of the erthe ; he that cometh fro heuene, is 
aboue alle. 

32. And this thing that he si^/^e and herde, he witnessith, 
and no man takith his witnessynge. 

33. Forsothe he that hath taken his witnessynge, hath 
markide that God is sothefast. 



23. In Ennon bisidis, etc. Rev. Ver. " in ^non near to Snlim, because 
there was much water there."" Many waters is from the Greek; Vulg. 
aquce mitltce. 

29. A spovise, or wijf. Another text reads, " He that hath a spousesse, or 
tcyf.'''' Wycliffe has many such feminines, as discipUsse, thrallessf, dwel- 
leresse^ ireilereasis, that is, wyvimen th<tt weilen. In this thing: my ioye, 
etc. Vulg. Hoc ergo (/audiiim meinn impletum est 

31. Vpon alle. Another text has above alle. Vulg. super. He that is of 
the erthe, etc. The Vulg. texts generally read here. Qui est de terra, de 
terra est, et de terra loquitur. Wychffe's omission of the words de terra est, 
et may have been due to an imperfect MS. 

33. Hath markide. Vulg. signavit ; 'I'ynd. " hath sealed; " Auth. Ver. 
'* hath set to his seal; " Rev. Ver. " hath set his seal to this, that, etc." 



^^ THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 

34. Forsothe he whom God sente, spekith the wordis of 
God ; forsothe not to mesure God ^yueth the spirit. 

35. The fadir loueth the sone, and he hath ^ouen alle 
thingis in his hande. 

36. He that bileveth into the sone, hath euerlastynge lijf • 
forsothe he that is vnbileueful to the sone, schal not se euer- 
lastynge lijf, but the wraththe of God dwellith on hym. 

IV. 1. Therfore as Ihesu knewe, that Pharisees herden 
that Ihesu makith mo disciplis and baptisith than Jon, 

2. Though Ihesus baptiside not, but his disciplis, 

3. He lefte Jude, and wente a^en into Galilee. 

4. Sothely it bihouede hym to passe by Samarie. 

5. Therfore Ihesus came by a cytee of Samarie, that is seyde 
Sicar, bisidis the maner, or feelde, that Jacob ^aue to Joseph 
his sone. ' 

6. Forsothe the welle of Jacob was there, sothely Ihesus 
made wery, or faynte, of the iourney, satte thus at the welle. 
Sothely the houre was as the sixte, or vnclrun, 

7. A womman came of Samarie, for to drawe water. Ihesus 
seith to hire, Gyiie me for to drynke. 

8. Forsothe his disciplis hadden gon into the cytee, that 
thei schulden bye metis. 

9. Therfore the ilke womman of Samarie seith to hym, 
How thou, whanne thou art a Jewe, axist of me for to dryncke^ 
that am a womman of Samarie ? forsothe Jewis vsen not to 
comoune with Samaritans. 

10. Ihesus answeride, and seyde to hire, 6^if thou wistist 
the .^ifte of God, and who it is that seith to thee, 6^yue to me 
for to drynke, parauenture thou schuldist haue axide of hym, 
and he schulde haue ^yue to thee quycke water. 



Sycha/ ^ ^''^^- '"^ ^^^^^«^^"^- That is seyd Sicar. That is called 



THE GOSPEL OP JOHN. 51 

11. Tlie womman seith to hyra, Sire, nether thou hast in 
what thing thou schalt drawe, and the pitte is deep ; therfore 
whereof hast thou quycke water ? 

12. Wher thou art more than oure fadir Jacob, that .^aue 
to vs the pitte, and he dranke thereof, and his sones, and his 
beestis ? 

13. Ihesus answeride, and seyde to hir, Eche man that 
drynckith of this water, schal thirste eftesones ; 

14. Forsothe he that schal dryncke of the water that I schal 
^yue to hym, schal not thriste into withouten ende ; but the 
water that I schal ^yue to hym, schal be made to hym a w^elle 
of spryngyng vp water into euerlastyng lijf. 

15. The womman seith to hym, Sire, ^yue to me this water, 
that I thriste not, nether come hidir for to drawe. 

16. Ihesus seith to hire. Go, clepe thin housbonde, and 
come hidir. 

17. The womman answeride, and seyde, I haue not an hous- 
bonde. Ihesus seith to hire, Thou seydist wel, For I haue 
not an housbonde ; 

18. For thou hast hadde fyue housbondis, and he whom 
thou hast, is not thin housbonde. This thing thou seydist 
sothely. 

19. The womman seith to hym, Lorde, I se, for thou art a 
prophete. 

20. Oure faderis worschipeden in this hil, and i/ee seyn, for 
at Jerusalem is place, where it bihoueth for to worschip. 

21. Ihesus seith to hire, Womman, bileue thou to me, for 
the houre schal come, whanne nether in this hil, nether in 
Jerusalem, ^ee schulen preye, or worscMp, the fadir. 

22. Fee worschipen that ^/ee witen not ; we worchipen that 
we witen ; for helthe is of Jewis. 



in S^i*^*' ^^^^ art more. Whether art thou greater. 

13. iLftesones. Soon after. Vulg. iterum. 

14. Into withouten ende. Unto eternity; Vulff. in ceternum Of 
spryngyng vp water. Vu]^. nquoe salientis. ^ ceiemnm. ut 

9o S"""' I ^.^^^ "?*' ^t? ^^^ °^^^ P- '^"-- So also in 19 and 20. 
^. For helthe, etc. For salvation is from the Jews. 



52 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 

23. But the houre cometh, and now it is, whan trewe wor- 
schipers schulen worschip the fadir iu spirit and treuthe ; 
forwhi and the fadir seekith suche that schulen worschip hym, 

24. God is a spirit, and it bihoueth hem that worschipen 
hym, for to worschip in spirit and treuthe. 

25. The womman seith to hym, I wote for Messyas is comen, 
that is seyde Crist ; therfore whanne he schal come, he schal 
telle to vs alle thingis. 

26. Ihesus seith to hire, I am, that speke with thee. 

27. And anone his disciplis camen, and wondriden for he 
spac with the womman ; netheles no man seyde, What sekist 
thou, or, What spekist thou with hire. 

28. Therfore the womman lefte hire water potte, and wente 
into the cytee, and seith to the men, 

29. Come t/ee, and se ^/ee a man, that seyde to me alle thingis 
what euer thingis I haue done ; wher he is Crist ? 

30. And thei wenten oute of the cytee, and thei camen to 
hym. 

31. In the menewhile his disciplis preyeden hym, seyinge, 
Raby, or mayste?\ ete. 

32. Sothely he seyde to hem, I haue mete for to ete, that 
yee witen not. 

33. Therfore disciplis seyden to gedir, Wher any man 
brou^/ite to hym for to ete ? 

34. Ihesus seith to hem. My mete is, that I do the wille of 
hym that sente me, and that I parfourme the werke of hym. 

35. Wher yee seyn not, for yit foure monethes ben, and 
ripe corn cometh ? Lo ! I seye to you, lifte vp youre yghen, and 
se yee the regiouns, or cuntrees, for nowe thei ben whijt to ripe 
corne. 



23. Forwhi and, etc. Vulg. nam et pater tales qucerit, for such also 
the father seeketh. 

26. I am. The Vulg. Ego sum, in the sense of / ain he or it is /, is gener- 
"ally rendered by Wycliffe as here, I am. 

35. Whijt to ripe corn. White unto harvest. Ripe corne is for the L. 
messis. 



THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 53 

36. And he that reepith takith hijre, or meede^ and he that 
gedirith, f ruyte into euerlastynge lijf ; that and he that sowith 
haue ioye to gedir, and he that reepith. 

37. In this thing sothely is the worde trewe, for another is 
that sowith, and another that reepith. 

38. I sente yow for to reepe that that ^/ee traueyliden not, 
other men traueyliden, and ^/ee entriden into here Iraueylis. 

39. Forsothe of that cytee manye Samaritans bileueden into 
hym, for the worde of the womman berynge witnessynge, For 
he seyde to me alle thingis, what euer thingis I dide. 

40. Therfore whanne Samaritans camen to hym, thei prey- 
eden him, that he schulde dwelle there ; and he dwellide there 
two dayes. 

41. And many mo bileueden for his worde, 

42. And seyden to the womman, For now not for thi speche 
we bileuen ; forsothe we hane herde, and we witen, for this is 
verreyly the saueour of the worlde. 

43. Ff orsothe aftir two dayes he wente thens, and wente into 
Galilee. 

44. Sothely he bare witnessynge, for a prophete in his owne 
cuntre hath not honoure, or tvorsdhip. 

45. Therfore whanne he came into Galilee, men of Galilee 
reeeyueden hym, whanne thei hadden seen alle thingis that he 
hadde done in Jerusalem, in the feest day, or hdlyday; and 
sothely thei hadden comen to the feest day. 

46. Therfore he came eftesone into the Chane of Galilee, 
wher he made the water wyn. And sum litil kyng was, whos 
sone was sijk at Capharnaum. 

47. Whanne he this had herde, that Ihesu schulde come fro 



36. That and he that, etc. Rev. Ver. "that he that sowethand he that 
reapeth may rejoice together." And . . . and are freonently equivalent to 
both . . . and: L. et . . . et. 

37. Another . . . another. One . . . another. 
44. Sothely he. Vulgr. ipse enim Jesus. 

46. Sum litil kyng was. There was a certain nobleman. Litil kynfj is 
from the diminutive regulus in the Vulg., which mistra?islates the Gr. 
/BacrtAtAcd?. 

47. He this. The translation of the L. hie of the Vulgate. Forsothe he 
higan, etc. For he was at the point of death; higan stands for the Vulg. 
incipiehat. 



54 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 

Jude into Galilee, he wente to hym, and preyede hym, that lie 
schulde come doune and heele his sone ; forsothe he bigan for 
to dye. 

48. Therfore Ihesus seyde to hym, No but ?/ee schulen se 
tokenes and grete wondris, ^ee bileuen not. 

49. The litil kyng seith to hym, Lorde, come doune, bifore 
my sone dye. 

50. Ihesus seith to hym, Go, thi sone lyueth. The man bi- 
leuede to the worde that Ihesu seyde to hym, and he wente. 

51. Sothely now hym comynge doune, the seruauntis camen 
a^enes hym, and tolden hym, seyiiige, for his sone lyuede. 

52. Therfore he axide of hem the houre, in whiche he 
hadde hym better. And thei seyden to hym. For ?/istirday in 
the seueneth houre the feuer lefte hym. 

53. Therfore the fadir knewe, that the ilke houre it was, in 
whiche Ihesus seyde to hym, Thi sone lyueth ; and he bileuede 
and al his hous. 

54. Ihesus dide efte this secounde token, whanne he came 
fro Jude into Galilee. 



48. No but. Except. In Matthew we have: "gif this cuppe may not passe 
no but git I drj^nke, thi wille be done." See note p. 47. 

51. Now hym comynge doune. Latin absolute: as he was coming 
down. Camen agenes liym, Vulg. occurrerunt ei. 

52. ]EIadde hyin better. Vulg. melius habuerit. 



THE VOIAGE AND TKAVAILE OF SIR 
JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 



THE PROLOGUE. 

For als moche as the lond be?/onde the see, that is to sej^e, 
the holy lond, that men callen the lond of promyssioun, or of 
behesle, passynge alle othere londes, is the most worthi lond, 
most excellent, and lady and sovereyn of alle othere londes, 
and is blessed and halewed of the preeyous body and blood of 5 
oiire Lord lesu Christ, in the whiche lond it lykede him to take 
flesche and blood of the virgyne Marie, to envyrone that holy 
lond with his blessede feet ; and there he wolde of his blessed- 
nesse enoumbre him in the seyd blessed and gloriouse virgine 
Marie, and become man, and worche many myracles, and lo 
preche and teche the feythe and the lawe of cristene men unto 
his children ; and there it lykede him to suffre many repre- 
vinges and scornes for us ; and he that was kyng of hevene, of 
eyr, of erthe, of see and of alle thinges that ben conteyned in 
hem, wolde alle only ben cleped kyng of that lond, whanjhe ^5 
seyde. Rex sum Judeoriim^ that is to seyne, lam hyng of 
Jewes; and that lond he chees before alle other londes, as the 
beste and most worthi lond, and the most vertuouse lond of 

1. For als moche as. For as much as, because. The correlative part 
of the senteDce is not reached until 1. 15J, p. 11 — " Wherfore every gode cris- 
tene," etc. 

4. Lady and Sovereyn. Trevisa (Higden's Polychronicon) says: "Auc- 
tours telleth that Grees with the prouinces therof is lady of kyngdomsy 

7. Envyrone. Wycliffe says: '' Ihesus enuyrounde al Galilee techynge 
in the synagogis."" 

15. Alle only. Only, exclusively. Warner's "Albion's England" has: 
*' Whereof (omitting many things), my muse, alonely say." 

9 



10 T!IE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 

alle the world : for it is the herte and the myddes of all the 
world ; wytiiessynge the philosophere, that seythe thus : Vir- 
tus rerum in medio consistit: that is to seye, the vertue of 
thinges is in the myddes; and in that lond he wolde lede his 
5lyf, and suffre passioun and dethe, of Jewes, for us, for to 
bye and to delyvere us from peynes of helle, and from dethe 
withouten ende; the whiche was ordeyned for us, for the 
synne of oure form ere fader Adam, and for oure owne synnes 
also : for as for himself, he hadde non evylle deserved ; for he 

to thoughte nevere evylle, and he that was kyng of glorie and of 
joye, myghten best in that place suffre dethe ; because heches 
in that lond, rathere than in ony othere, there to suffre his 
passioun and his dethe : for he that wil pupplische ony thing 
to make it openly knowen, he wil make it to ben cryed and 

15 pronounced in the myddel place of a town, so that the thing 
that is proclamed and pronounced, may evenly'strecche to alle 
parties : righte so, he that was formyour of alle the world, 
wolde suffre for us at Jerusalem, that is the myddes of the 
world ; to that ende and entent, that his passioun and his dethe, 

20 that was pupplischt there, myghte ben knowen evenly to alle 
the parties of the world. See now how dere he boughte man, 
that he made after his owne ymage, and how dere he a^en- 
boghte us, for the grete love that he hadde to us, and we 
nevere deserved it to him. For more precyous catelle ne gret- 

25 ter ransoum ne myghte he put for us, than his blessede body, 
his precyous blood, and his holy lyf, that he thralled for us, 

1. Myddes of all the ivorld. The earth was supposed to be flat, and 
Jerusalem was believed to be at its center, proof of which was derived from 
Psalm Ixxiv. 12. '" Aboute Jerusalem this noumbryng: hebigan, Asin the 
myddes of the world."— Z?o6ferf of Gloucester. "This lond Judea is riche 
and fruitful . . . and hath in the myddel, as it were in the nauel of theerthe, the 
cite Jerusalem." — Trevisa. See Josephus, Wars of the Jeics, Bk. III. ch. iii. 
5. Curiously Mandeville himself argues, in Chap. XVII., that the earth is 
globular, and that one may travel completely round it. 

2, Wytnessynge tlie philosophere. The philosopher bearing witness. 
The allusion is to Aristotle's doctrine of the mean. See Nicomachean Ethics, 
Bk. 11. 6. "Virtue is conversant with passions and actions, in which the 
excess indeed is erroneous, and the defect is blamed, but the medium is 
praised and possesses rectitude; and both these pertain ta virtue. Hence 
virtue is a certain medium, and tends to the middle as a boundary."— 2'ai/- 
lor's Translation. 



11. Myghten. Plural for the singular 7»igr7iYe. 
26. That he thralled. Which he enslaved, in 



inthralled for us. 



GLOSSARY. 



Abouten, about, 12. A. S ahutan. 

Aflasclietli, is reflected, 35. 

Agen, ageiies, agaiast, towards, 
14, 25, A. S. onyean is both adv. 
(again) and prep, (aga nst). 

Ageiiboglite, bougiit back, re- 
deemed, 10. So ayenbite for re- 
morse. 

Alle be, although, 40. 

Alle only, only, alone, 9. 

Alleweyes, alle wey. always, 17. 

Als, as, a contraction of also. A. S. 
alswa. 

Amyralle, officer, 17. This word is 
used especially in medigeval ro- 
mances to signify a Saracen com- 
mander. A corruption of the 
Arab, amir, emir; Low L. ad- 
mirallus; O. Fr. amirail; Eng. 
admiral. 

Anon, immediately, 16, 

Arrayen, v. prepare, adorn, 26. 
O. Fr. arroyer. 

Arrere, v, to rear, raise, 17. A. S. 
droiraii. 

As. that, who, 

Askes, ashes, 26. A. S. asce. 

Assayen, v. to try, test, 33. Fr. 
essay er; L. exagium, proof; exi^ 
gere, to examine. 

At, with, in, 41. 

Avance, v. to advance, promote. 

Avowtrie, adultery, 33. 

Awtere, aw tier, altar, 26, 37. 

Axe, t;. to ask, 42; pt. pi. axideii 
A. S. dcsian, dxiaii. 

Bare, pt. bore. A. S. beran; pt. 

boer. 
Bawme, balm, balsam, 28. 
Bayes, berries; fruit of the bay, or 

laurel tree, 37. Fr. bate; L, bacca. 
Be, prep, by, 14, 

Bebledd, covered with blood, 11. 
lieclippe, V. to curdle. See note, 

p. 30. 
Hebighten, pt. promised {pi. for s 

behight), 11. A. S, behoetan, to 

vow, promise. I 



Beleeve, belief, 14. 

Bek, beak, 27. Fr. bee. 

Ben, pi. be, are, 9. 

Besides, beside, by-the-side of. 

A. S. be sidan. 
Betaughten, gave, delivered 40, 

From betechen; A. S. betacan, to 

show, impart, deUver to. See 

Toke. 
Beyonden, prep, beyond. A. S. 

begeo}idan. 
Bileue, v, believe, 
Bisidis, beside, near to. 
Bon, bone, 29, 
Boordis, boards, tables, 46. 
Brede, breadth, 18. A. S. br(zdu, 

from brad, bi-oad. 
Breek girdille, breech-girdle. 

See note, p, 28. 
Brenne, v. to burn, 26. 
Briddes, birds, 24. A. S. brid, a 

(young) bird; Low Ger. bridde, a 

chicken. 
But, unless, except, 11. 
Bye, V. to buy, redeem, 10. 

Calyffes, calyffeez, caliphs, gov- 
ernors, 21. 

Catelle, chattel, goods, property, 
10, O. Fr. chatel, catel, any mov- 
able property; L. capitate, 
whence Eng. capital, 

Cameylle, camel, 17. 

Cesoun, season. 28. 

Cbees, ches, v. pyt. chose. 9, 15. 
A. S. ceosan, to choose, 

Cbenes, chines, chinks, cracks, 33. 
A, S. cinu, a chink. 

Cheventeyn, chieftain, 11. Fr. 
chevetaine. 

Clepen, v. to call, 13 ; cleped, 9, 
clept, 11, clepide, named, called; 
clepith. calleth. A. S. clipian, to 
call. 

Clerk, a man of learning, a univer- 
sity student, 21. See Chaucer^s 
picture of the '' Clerk " in the Pro- 
logue. O. Fr. clerc. 

Clyves, cliffs, 35. 

55 



56 



GLOSSARY. 



Cornell, comoiiii, common, 11. 
Cone, conne, can, know, 29. A. S. 

cunnan, to know, to be able; Ger. 

kennen; Eng. con, to study, 

peruse. 
Cop, top, or head, 29. 
Coriieliiie, cornelian, a kind of 

chalcedony. 
Coveiiably, conveniently. 28. 
Covent, convent, 3G. 
Covety.se, covetousness, 11. 
Cristene, Christian, 9. 
Cronycles, chronicles, histories, 

31. 
Culuer, a culver, dove, 43. A S. 

culfre. 

Danipnyde, condemned, 4S. L. 
damnare, dampnare. 

Defaute, want, default, 11. O. Fr. 
deffaute. 

Degrees, stairs, steps, 20, 39. 

Del, deal, part; gret del. gieat deal, 
30. A. S. c/oeZ, part; Ger, tlieil. 

Delytable, delightful, 11. 

Denien, v. to think, judge, 18; 
<ie?}i?/de, judged, 48. A. S.deman, 
to think, judge; dom, judgment, 
doom; hence doomsday. 

Departed, divided, 19: departethe, 
divides, 11. 

Dere, adv. dearly, 10. 

Dere tyme, time of dearth, scarci- 
ty, 22. 

DereAvortlie, of great value, pre- 
cious, 35. A. S. deore wnrdhe. 

Derthe, scarcity, famine, 17. A. S. 
deore, dear. 

Desparpleth, scatters. See note, 
p. 11. 

Devise, v. to describe, 12 ; devis- 
ynge, describing, 12. O. Fr. de- 
viser, to plan, order, discourse; L. 
visum. It. viso, view, opinion. 

Disceyveii, v. deceive, 29; disceyt, 
deception. 

Dislierite, disinherit, deprive of ati 
inheritance, 11. 

Doctour, teacher, learned man, 21. 
L. docere. to teach. 

Dolven, buried, hid, 39. Pt. part, 
of delven ; A. S. delfan, to delve, 
dig; Dut. delven. 

Don, v. inf. to do, 11. 

Don of, put off, take off, 37. 

Doom, judgment, 48. See Denien. 

Drede, v. to fear, 11. AS. 
droedan. 

Dresse, v. make straight, 42. O. 
Fr. dresser; L. directus. 

Drowen, pt. pi: drew. 

Dubbed, ornamented, 20. O. Fr. 
duher, late A. S. dubhan, to 
equip with arms, dress, adorn. 

Duren, v. to last (continuance in 



both space and time); durethe, ex- 
tends, 21, 36. Fr. diirer. 

Efte, again, 54. A. S. eff. 

Eftesoiies, eftesone, adv. soon 
after, 30. A. S. eftsona. 

Eier, air. 33. 

Elles, else, otherwise, 13. A. S. 
elles. 

Emerandes, emeralds, 20. 27. 

Eiiflawined. inflamed. 11. 

Enounibre him. overshadow him- 
self, conceal himself, i e. be con- 
ceived, 9. L. umbra, shadow. 

Enpoysound. poisoned, 16. 

Eiitent, intent, purpose. Fr. en- 
tente. 

Eiivyrone, v. to go about, 9. Fr. 
virer, to turn. 

Ere, v. to ear, till, plow, 22. A. S. 
erian. See ear, Deut. xxi. 4; Is. 
XXX. 24. 

Eschewe, to eschew, flee from, 38. 
O. F. escliever. to shun. 

Everyclie. every one, each. Every 
of hem. each of them. 

Ewtes. newts, 38. 

Eyr, air, 9, 24. 

Eyren, eggs, 28. A. S. oeg, pi. CBgru. 

Fadre, father, 11. A. ^.feeder. 

Fedres, feathers. 

Feire, fuyre, fay re, fire. 

Fer, far, distant,* 25. --^ ^ 

Fertre, shi'ine, 37. L. feretrum, a 
bier. 

Festes. feasts, 36. 

Fey the. faith. 9. 

Fleen, v. to fly, 27; fteethe, flies; 
fleyghe, flew, fled, i4. 39. A. S. 
fleah, from fleogan, to fly, flee. 

Flom. river, 12. 1^. flumen. 

Flyntston, flint-stone, 29. 

Fonde, pt. found, 44. A. S. findan^ 
pt. fand. 

For, conj. because, for the reason 
that, that. 

Forbode, forelrarned, 29. 

Forcelettes, fortresses, 25. Low 
L. forcelletum, O. Fr. forceletj 
fortelesce, forteresce. 

Fordon, v. to undo, destroy, 34. 

Form ere, first. 10. A comparative 
formation from the A. S. superla- 
tive /or>»a. Other common forms 
in early English are forme and 
form est. 

Formyour, former, creator, 10. 

Forthinke, v. to repent; fov' 
thinkethe me, I repent, regret, 23. 

Forwhi, wherefore. .%2. 

P\>ules, fowls. A. S. fngol, bird. 

Freeltee, frailty, 13. 

Fro, prep, from, 13. A. S. fra. 

Frotethe, rubs, 37. O. Fr. froier. 



GLOSS AKY. 



57 



Fructuous, fruitful, 11. L. fruc- 

tus, fruit. 
Fyiit, finds, 36. 

Gerneres, garners, granaries, 31. 

O. Fr. grenier, gernier : L. grana- 

rium. 
Gif, conj. if, 11 ; but if, if not, ex- 
cept. A. S. gif. 
Gobettes, pieces, 28. O. Fr. gobet, 

8L morsel of food ; Prov. Eng. gob, 

from Gael, gob, the mouth ; 

whence gobble, gabble, etc. 
Gode, good, 11. 
Gome, gum, 29. 
Gon, V. to go. A. S. gdn, contracted 

form of gangan ; Ger. gehen. 
Gotlie, goes, 30. 
Gouen, pp. given. 
Grete, adj. great, 10; sup. gretter, 

10. 
Grucclied, grudged, murmured, 

35. O. Fr. groucher ; Low L. 

groussare, to murmur. 
Giiyse, guise, fashion, 17. 
Gysarniez, broad-swords, 18. 

Halewed, hallowed, 9. A. S. hdlig, 
holy; whence Halloiceen, holiday, 
etc. Cf. Chaucer's /e?'?ie halives. 

Halyday, holiday, 53. A. S. hdlig- 
doig. 

Han, liane. v. have, 14. 

Hardy, bold, 29. 

Harneys, harness, the trapping's of 
both horse and man, including 
arms, armor, etc., 17. O. Fr. har- 

Hatte, called, 18. See Higlite. 

Heglite, liighte, height. 

Hem, pron. pi. them, 9. A. S. him, 

dat. pi. of he. 
Hemself, themselves, 15. 
Here, pron. their, 11. 
Heremyte, eremite, hermit, 25. 
Hete, heat, 28. 
Hidre, hither, 22. 
Hidreto, hitherto. 
Higlite. was called, named, 15. 

A. S. hdtan, to be called. 
Hijre, hire, wages, 53. 
Hire, pron. her. 
His, its. Neu. ^Qn. of A. S. pronoun 

he, heo, hit. 
Holt, holdeth, holds, 17. 
Honestly, honorably, fittingly, 26. 

Ibuld, built, 18. The prefix i- or 
2/- is frequently added to past par- 
ticiples. A. S. and Ger. ge-. 

Ibes. ibis, a kind of stork, 24. 

Idled, dyed, 35. 

Icleped, called. 

lie, isle, 12. O. Fr. isle, later tie; 
L. insula. This word has no con- 



nection wiih isliind, which is A. S. 

iglaiid, Early Eng. Hand (the s 

having been inserted ignorantly, in 

conformity with isle). 
like, adj. same, 50. A. S. ilc. 
In, on, 18. 

Inow, enow, enough. 
Into, unto, upon, 38. 

J outes, pottage, 36. Low h. juta, 
jutta. 

Kepe, care, heed, 29. Take kepe, 
take care. 

Knowelecliide, pt. acknowledged, 
4-,\ 

Kynde, nature; a gen kynde, against 
nature, 25; nf kynde, by nature, 
naturally. A. S. cynd, nature. 

Kyndely wytt, natural intelli- 
gence, 37. 

Lafte, V. pi. left, 11 ; pr. leve. 
L.asse, less. A. S. Ices. 
Latyneres, interpreters, 36. O. Fr. 

latinier; Low. L. latinarius. The 

word 'Latin was sometimes used 

for a language in general. 
Iieet, V. pi. let, permitted, caused, 

16; leet make, caused to be made, 

19. A. S. loetan. 
lieie. lye, 33. A. S. leah. 
Lietten, v. to hinder, prevent, 24. 

A. S. lettan. 
List, pleasure, 29. 
Lycbe, like, 26. 
Lycour, liquor, 29. 
Lyglitely, lightl}', easil.y, 29. 
Lygn, lyggen, v. pi. lie, 37, 40. 

A. S. licgan, liggan, to lie. 
Liyketlie, v. impers. it plea?es; 

lykede, pleased, 9; hym lykethe, 

it pleases him, 17; lyke yon, please 

you, 30. A. S. lician. 
Liykne, v. liken, 27. 
Liy.st, V. impers. it pleases. Hem 

lyst, it pleases them, 17. A. S. 

iyst, lust, desire, love; lysfan, to 

wish, desire; Eng. list, listless, 

lust, lusty. 
Lythe, lieth, lies, 14, 20. 
Lyys, lice, 38. A. S. lus, pi. lys. 

Maner, manor, 50. O. Fr. manoir, 

Maner, manere. sort, kind, 32. 

Marches, marces, boundaries, re- 
gions, 33. A. S. mearc, limit, 
boundary. 

Marchetlie unto, borders on, is 
contiguous to, 20. O. Fr. marchir; 
A. S. mearc. 

Marveyle, marvel, wonder, 26. 

Meche, much, 15. 

Meclieles, much, 27. 



58 



GLOSSARY. 



Mete, pL metis, meat, anj^ kind of 
food. 36. A. S. mete, food. 

Meyuee, ariendauts, 18. O. Fr. 
niaisnie, meignie, company, 
household ; whence Eng. menial. 

Mo, adj. more, 14. A. S. md. 

Moclie, much, 12. A. S. mycel, 
great, mickle. 

Mo we, niowiie. v. may, 13. 

Mdystecl, moistened, 11. 

Musketlie, mosque, 20. O. Fr. 
musqiiette. 

Myddes, midst, middle, 10. A. S. 
(gen. case) micldes. 

Myniiscliide, minished, lessened, 
49; L. minui. 

Myrs, marshes, bogs, 27. 

3Ivsbeleevyii§:e, unbelieving, in- 
fidel. 

Natlieles, iietlieles, nevertheless, 

19. 
Ne, conj. nor, 10; adv. not, 15. 
Nexte, super, nighest, nearest, 32. 
Neylie, v. to approach, 18. ^ 
Noil, no, none, 10. A. S. nan. 
Noutlier . . . ne, neither^. . .nor. 
Nye, nigh, near. A. S. neah. 
Nyl ine-will», will not, 46. A. S. 

nyllan; cf. L. nolle. 
Nys (ne-is), is not, 27. 

O, one (the same), 40. 

Of. prep. by. 10; concerning, from. 

On, prep, in, of. 

On, one, 15. A. S. an. 

Ones, once. 

Oniclie, onyx, 20. 

Ony, any, 10. 

Or, ere, before, 31. 

Orielle, a precious stone, appar 

ently chrysolite, 27. O. Fr. oriol : 

L. aureola. 
Oryent, the East, 19. L. oriens, the 

rising sun. 
Ougte, ought. Impers. use. ougte 

us, it belongs to us, it is our duty, 

11. Ought and oiced are pi. forms 

of the verb o?r€?, own- A. S. dgan. 
Overtliwart, crosswise, 28; across, 

35. 

Panemes, painims, pagans, 31. 
Paradys, paradise, 22. 
Parties, parts, 10. Fr. partie. 
Paske, passover, 46. 
Passyiige, exceeding, surpassing. 9. 
PaAvine, palm, 30. Fr. j^'funie; L. 

palma. 
Peynen, v. to take pains, endeavor, 

exert oneself (used reflexively), 11, 

36. 
Peynture, painting (wall-painting, 

frescoes), M. 



Plenerly, plenarily, fully, 20. L. 
plenus. 

Pleynly, plainly, fully, 12. 

Ponaeles, balls! knobs, 20. 

Poocok, peacock, 27. 

Preostes, priests. 

Preve, prove, 29. 

Proniyssioun, promise, 9. 

Prented, printed, impressed. O. Fr. 
preindre; L. p?e>y(ere. 

Propre, own, 16. Fr. propre; L. 
proprhis. 

Propurly, properly, from ex- 
perience, £3. L. proprius, one's 
own. 

Pupplisclie, publish. 10. 

Purcliasynge, obtaining, 26. Fr. 
pourchasser, to hunt after, chase. 

Quenclietlie, goes out. 3S. A. S. 

cv:encan, to vanish, quench. 
Qnycke. adj. living, 27. 
Qaykenetfe, to become alive, 47. 

A. 8. cu-ic, quick. 

Kathere, former, earlier. See note, 

p. 25. 
Reconsyled. restored, 11. 
Kede, v. teach. 
Renies. realms, kingdoms, 14. O. 

Fr. roiaidme, Low L. regalimen^ 

L, rego. I rule. 
RemeWen. v. remove, 17. 
Kepreviiiges. reproofs, reproaches, 

9. 
Keride.pf. reared, raised, 48. 
RcAvme, realm. See Rtnies. 
Reyneth, rains. 24. 
Ryalle, royal, 20. O. Fr. reial ; L. 

regalis. 
Rymour, rumor, 31. 

Saf save. 

Sardoyne, sard, or sardine stone 

(lit. Sardian stone, from Sardis in 

Lydia), a variety of canielian, 20. 
Sawghe, sauglie, v. pi. saw, 14. 

A. S. sedli (3d p. sdwe). 
Scliappes. shapes, 12. 
Schedde. poured, 46. 
Sclioon, shoes, 37. A. S. seed, a 

shoe, pi. sceon. 
Schrewde, dangerous. See note, 

p. 24. 
Schulen. pi. shall, 48. A. S. 1 p. 

sceal. pi. accolon. 
Scriptures, writings, 31. 
Seclie, V. to s-eek, visit, 37., 
Sege, seat. 20. Fr. .sieg^ ; L. sede.^. 
Seniblee, assemblj^ 11. 
Sep tern try on. the seven stars, or 

Charles' wain, i e. the Nortli, 19. 

L. .'^eptentriones. 
Sepultures, sepulchres, 31. 
Servjige, bondage, 15. 



GLOSSARY. 



59 



Sett, situated, 14. 

Seveiie, seventh, 20. 

Seyne, v. to say, 9 ; seyde, said, 9 ; 

called, 50. 
Seyii, seen, 1'?. 
Sighe, pt. saw, 42 ; pi. sighen, 44 ; 

imp. se, 44. , ,o o^ 

Sikerly, sykerly, securely, 13, 32. 

Ger. sichey, certain. 
Sikonyes, for cikonyes, storks, <;, 4. 

O. Ff. c'qonie; L. ciconia. 
Sitlie. since, 18. A. S. s/^/i, time; 

sitJian, times. 
Sle. u. slay; leet sle, caused to be 

slain, 10. ,. . 

Smot, pt. smote. A. S. smat ; sini- 

tan, to smite. 
Smytt, smites, rushes. See note, 

p.' 21 
Sondy, sandy, 13. 
Sorwe, sorrow, 16. A. S. sorh, gen. 

Sotliefast, true, 49. A.S. sodhfcBst 
Sotliely, adv. truly, 51. A. S. 

sodhlice. 
Sotyltee, subtlety, 30. 
Soudan, soAvdan, sultan, emperor, 

13. Arabic, sult<in. 
Soudyour, souldyour, soldier, 14. 

O. Fr. soldoier, soudeer : Low L. 

soUdarius, soldariiis. 
Spac, spake. 
Steygyiige up, ascending, 44 ; 

stei/geth, ascend eth, 48. A. S, 

sti'gan, to climb; whence stigel, a 

stile. . ^ 

Streyt, adj. strait, narrow, strict, 

24. O. Fr. estroit; L. str ictus. 
Subjettes, subjects, 11. 
Suyinge, following, 43 ; pt. siLe^le, 

followed, 44. Fr. sidvre ; L. sequi. 
Sytt, sitteth, is situated, 22. 

Taken, p. p?. took, comprehended, 

41. 
Terrestre, terrestial, earthly, 22. 
Than, thaiine, then, 11. 
Thei, they, 13. 
Tliilke, the same, these, 29. 
Tho, the, those, 13. A. S. tha. 
Thorghe, through, by, 11. A. S. 

tJtlDll. 

Thorglieout, throughout, 19. 

Thridde, third, 27. 

Tliwonge, thong, latchet, 43. 

To, toward, for, of, 10. 

Toke, pt. gave, delivered, 39. A.S. 

toecan. to teach. See He- 

taugliten. Mandeville has al-o 

betoke in the same sense. 
Totliere, the other (corresponding 

to ton, the one), 31. 
Traveyliden, v. pt. labored, toiled, 

53. Traveylis, n. pi. labors. Fr. 

travaille. 



Trespaced, trespassed, 11. 

Trouble, turbid, 30. 

Trowe, to believe, think, 11; pt. pi. 

troweden, 19. A. S. treoiv, true; 

treoician, to trust, believe; whence 

Eng. truce. 
Turbentyne, turpentine, 29. L. 

terebintliina {resiiia). 
Twyes, twice, 25. 
Tyled, tilled, cultivated, 29. 

Undirnonien, pp. reprehended, re- 
proved, 48. A. S. under and ni- 
man, to take, seize. 

Undrun, the thii'd hour, or nine 
o'clock, 50. A. S. undern. 

Upsodoune, upside-down, 46. 

Usen. V. pi. used, are accustomed 
to do, 17. 

Verrev, adj. true, 41. L. verus. 
Viage^ voyage, journey (by land or 

sea), 11. O. Fr. veiage, voiage; 

L. via. 
Vytaylle, victuals, food, 13, 36. 

b. Fr. vitaille. 

Waxe, to grow, increase, 49. A. S. 

ireaxan. 
AVel, full. 
Well nio, many more, 17; much 

more, 37. 
Wenen, v. pi. think, suppose, 30. 

A. S. icenan. 
Werein, for iveren, were, 31. 
Wexe. i'. to increase, grow, 22. 

See Waxe. 
Wlian, Avlianne, adv. when, 9. 
What, why, 52. A. S. Jnccet. 
Wliere. Avher, contracted form of 

whether, 33, 52. A. S. Invoidher. 
Wiste, knew, 45. 
AViten, pi. know, 51; pt. iviste. 

A. S. ivitan, to know. 
AVitlieliolden, retained. See note, 

p 13. 
Witlioiiten, without, outside, 11. 
AVlcanes, for vulcanes, volcanoes, 

33. 
W^ode, wood 
Wole, V. will. 

Woste, knowest. See Witen. 
Wote. V. pr. know, 52. 
Wyte, imp. know, 17; wytithe well, 

know well, 20. 
Wyten, pr. pi. know, 11. See 

Witen. 

Yalowe, yelow, yellow, 27. A. S. 

qealcic. 
Yglien, pi. eyne, eyes, 52. A. S. 

edge, pi. edgan. 
Yit, yet. A. S. get. 



^^ GLOSSARY. 



\ Text-Book on Rhetoric ; 

supplementina the development op the science with 
Exhaustive Practice in Composition. 

^ Course of Practical Lessons Adapted for use in High Schools and 
Academies, and in the Lower Classes of Colleges. 

BY 

BRAINERD KELLOGG, A.M., 

' rofessor of tTie English Language and Literature in the Brooklyn 

Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, and one of the authors of 

Beed <& Kellogg' s " Graded Lessons in English" 

and ''Higher Lessons in English" 



In preparing this work upon Rhetoric, the author's aim has been to 
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* satise upon the science itself. 

This work has grown up out of the belief that the rhetoric which 
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^ hich has worked its way down into his tongue and fingers, enabling 
li m to speak and write the better for having studied it. The author 
i ilieves that the aim of the study should be to put the pupil in posses- 
ion of an art, and that this can be done not by forcing the science into 
; .m through eye and ear, but by drawing it out of him, in products, 
; irough tongue and pen. Hence all explanations of principles are fol- 
i' wed by exhaustive practice in Composition — to this everything is mad. 
' ibutary. 



**Kellogg'8 Rhetoric is evidently the 
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; dl constitute one of its chief merits in 
' eeyes of the thorough teacher."— Pro/". 
\ S. Cook, Johns Hopkins University^ 
2ltimore» Md. 



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feel that it is his thought that is being 
dealt with, dissected, and unfolded, to 
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Prest. of State Normal School^ OshJcosh^ 



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AText-Book on English Literature, 

With copious extracts from tlie leading authors, English and Ameri- 
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to be studied. Adapted for use in Colleges, High Schools, 
Academies, etc. By Brainerd Kellogg, A.M., Professor of 
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60 Swift's Gulliver's Voyage to 

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61 Macaulay's Essay on Lord Ba- 

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